Ƙananan ƙwayoyin wucin gadi: Ƙirƙirar isasshen rai don binciken likita

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• Sunan marubuci

  Quantumrun Haskaka
• Disamba 23, 2022

Takaitacciyar fahimta

Binciken abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci na rayuwa, masana kimiyya suna rage kwayoyin halitta don ƙirƙirar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, suna bayyana mahimman ayyukan da suka dace don rayuwa. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haifar da binciken da ba zato ba tsammani da ƙalubale, kamar surar tantanin halitta da ba daidai ba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin gyare-gyare da fahimtar mahimman abubuwan halitta. Wannan binciken yana buɗe hanya don ci gaba a cikin ilimin halitta na roba, tare da yuwuwar aikace-aikace a cikin ci gaban ƙwayoyi, nazarin cututtuka, da kuma keɓaɓɓen magani.

Mahallin ƙananan ƙwayoyin wucin gadi

Ƙananan ƙananan sel na wucin gadi ko rage genome hanya ce ta ilimin halitta mai amfani don fahimtar yadda hulɗar tsakanin mahimman kwayoyin halitta ke haifar da mahimman hanyoyin ilimin lissafi. Minimization na Genome ya yi amfani da hanyar koyo-gina-gwaji-gwaji wanda ya dogara da kimantawa da haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da bayanai daga transposon mutagenesis (tsarin canja wurin kwayoyin halitta daga wannan runduna zuwa wani) don taimakawa jagorar gogewar kwayoyin halitta. Wannan hanya ta rage son zuciya lokacin gano mahimman kwayoyin halitta kuma ya ba masana kimiyya kayan aikin don canzawa, sake ginawa, da kuma nazarin kwayoyin halitta da abin da yake aikatawa.

A shekara ta 2010, masana kimiyya a Cibiyar J. Craig Venter Institute (JVCI) da ke Amurka sun sanar da cewa sun yi nasarar kawar da DNA na kwayoyin cutar Mycoplasma capricolum tare da maye gurbinsa da DNA da aka samar da na'ura mai kwakwalwa dangane da wani kwayoyin cuta, Mycoplasma mycoides. Tawagar ta yi wa sabuwar kwayar halittarsu suna JCVI-syn1.0, ko 'Synthetic,' a takaice. Wannan kwayar halitta ita ce nau'in halittar da ta fara kwafi kanta a Duniya wacce ta kunshi iyayen kwamfuta. An halicce shi don taimakawa masana kimiyya su fahimci yadda rayuwa ke aiki, farawa daga sel zuwa sama. 

A cikin 2016, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiri JCVI-syn3.0, kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya tare da ƙananan kwayoyin halitta fiye da kowane nau'i na rayuwa mai sauƙi (kawai 473 genes idan aka kwatanta da JVCI-syn1.0's 901 genes). Duk da haka, kwayoyin halitta sun yi ta hanyoyi marasa tabbas. Maimakon samar da sel lafiyayyu, ya ƙirƙiri masu siffa masu banƙyama yayin da ake yin kai. Masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa sun cire kwayoyin halitta da yawa daga asalin tantanin halitta, ciki har da wadanda ke da alhakin rarraba tantanin halitta. 

Tasiri mai rudani

Ƙaddara don samun kwayoyin halitta mai lafiya tare da ƙananan kwayoyin halitta mai yiwuwa, masu ilimin halittu daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) da Cibiyar Ka'idoji da Fasaha ta Kasa (NIST) sun sake haɗa lambar JCVI-syn3.0 a cikin 2021. Sun sami damar ƙirƙirar lambar sabon bambance-bambancen da ake kira JCVI-syn3A. Ko da yake wannan sabon tantanin halitta yana da kwayoyin halitta guda 500 kawai, amma yana yin kamar tantanin halitta na yau da kullun godiya ga aikin masu binciken. 

Masana kimiyya suna aiki don cire tantanin halitta har ma da kara. A cikin 2021, sabuwar kwayar halitta da aka sani da M. mycoides JCVI-syn3B ta samo asali har tsawon kwanaki 300, yana nuna cewa yana iya canzawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Masana kimiyyar halittu kuma suna da kyakkyawan fata cewa ingantaccen tsarin halitta zai iya taimaka wa masana kimiyya suyi nazarin rayuwa a matakin farko da fahimtar yadda cututtuka ke ci gaba.

A cikin 2022, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign, JVCI, da Technische Universität Dresden na tushen Jamus sun ƙirƙiri samfurin kwamfuta na JCVI-syn3A. Wannan samfurin zai iya yin hasashen girman girmansa na ainihin rayuwar analog da tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Tun daga shekarar 2022, ita ce mafi cikakkiyar ƙirar tantanin halitta da kwamfuta ta kwaikwaya.

Waɗannan simintin na iya ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci. Wannan bayanan ya haɗa da metabolism, girma, da tsarin bayanan kwayoyin halitta akan tsarin tantanin halitta. Binciken yana ba da haske game da ka'idodin rayuwa da yadda sel ke cinye makamashi, gami da jigilar amino acid, nucleotides, da ions. Yayin da ƙananan binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ke ci gaba da girma, masana kimiyya za su iya ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun tsarin ilimin halitta wanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka magunguna, nazarin cututtuka, da gano magungunan kwayoyin halitta.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin wucin gadi

Faɗin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin wucin gadi na iya haɗawa da: 

• Ƙarin haɗin gwiwa na duniya don ƙirƙirar tsarin rayuwa mara kyau amma aiki don bincike.
• Ƙara koyon inji da yin amfani da kwamfuta don yin taswirar tsarin halitta, kamar ƙwayoyin jini da sunadarai.
• Nagartaccen ilmin halitta na roba da na'ura-kwayoyin halitta, gami da-kan-a-chip da mutummutumi masu rai. Koyaya, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen na iya samun gunaguni na ɗa'a daga wasu masana kimiyya.
• Wasu kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere da na biopharma suna saka hannun jari sosai a cikin yunƙurin ilimin halitta don saurin bin hanyoyin magunguna da ci gaban jiyya.
• Ƙarfafa ƙirƙira da bincike a cikin gyaran kwayoyin halitta yayin da masana kimiyya ke ƙarin koyo game da kwayoyin halitta da yadda za a iya sarrafa su.
• Ingantattun ƙa'idoji akan binciken kimiyyar halittu don tabbatar da ayyukan ɗa'a, kiyaye amincin kimiyya da amincin jama'a.
• Fitowar sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi da horarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan ilimin halitta na roba da sifofin rayuwa na wucin gadi, suna ba da masana kimiyya na gaba na gaba da ƙwarewa na musamman.
• Canja dabarun kiwon lafiya zuwa keɓaɓɓen magani, yin amfani da ƙwayoyin wucin gadi da ilimin halitta na roba don maganin da aka kera da bincike.

Tambayoyin da za a duba

• Idan kuna aiki a fagen ilimin halitta, menene sauran fa'idodin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta?
• Ta yaya ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyi za su yi aiki tare don haɓaka ilimin halitta?