Cloning da haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta: Hanya mafi sauri don rigakafin cututtuka na gaba

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  Quantumrun Haskaka
• Satumba 29, 2022

Takaitacciyar fahimta

Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun haifar da ci gaba a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta don ganowa da sauri da haɓaka rigakafin. Yayin da bincike na baya-bayan nan ya haɗa da sababbin hanyoyin kamar yin amfani da yisti don maimaita SARS-CoV-2, damuwa game da aminci da yaƙin halittu sun ci gaba. Waɗannan ci gaban kuma na iya haifar da ci gaba a cikin keɓaɓɓen magani, aikin gona, da ilimi, da tsara makoma tare da ingantattun shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da sassan fasahar kere-kere.

Cloning da haɗa mahallin ƙwayoyin cuta

Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance koyaushe suna yin barazana ga ɗan adam. Waɗannan cututtuka masu saurin kamuwa da cuta sun haifar da wahala da yawa a cikin tarihi, galibi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe da sauran abubuwan duniya. Lissafin barkewar kwayar cutar kwayar cuta, kamar ƙwayar cuta, kyanda, HIV (cutar rigakafi ta ɗan adam), SARS-CoV (cutar coronavirus mai tsanani), ƙwayar cutar mura ta 1918, da sauransu, suna rubuta mummunan tasirin waɗannan cututtuka. Wadannan barkewar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar ta haifar da masana kimiyya a duk duniya don haɗawa da haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta don gano su cikin sauri da samar da ingantattun alluran rigakafi da maganin rigakafi. 

Lokacin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta barke a cikin 2020, masu bincike na duniya sun yi amfani da cloning don nazarin tsarin halittar kwayar cutar. Masana kimiyya na iya dinka gutsuttsuran DNA don su kwaikwayi kwayar halittar kwayar cuta da kuma shigar da su cikin kwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, wannan hanyar ba ta dace da duk ƙwayoyin cuta ba-musamman coronaviruses. Saboda coronaviruses suna da manyan kwayoyin halitta, wannan yana da wahala ga ƙwayoyin cuta su kwafi yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, sassan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama marasa ƙarfi ko masu guba ga kwayoyin cuta-ko da yake ba a fahimci dalilin ba tukuna. 

Sabanin haka, cloning da haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta suna haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙin halittu (BW). Yaƙin halitta yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta ko guba waɗanda ke niyyar kashewa, kashe, ko tsoratar da abokan gaba yayin da kuma ke lalata tattalin arzikin ƙasa a cikin ƙananan allurai. An rarraba waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin makaman hallaka saboda ko da ƙananan yawa na iya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa. 

Tasiri mai rudani

A cikin 2020, a cikin tseren don haɓaka rigakafi ko magani don COVID-19, masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Bern da ke Switzerland sun juya zuwa wani sabon kayan aiki: yisti. Ba kamar sauran ƙwayoyin cuta ba, SARS-CoV-2 ba za a iya girma a cikin sel ɗan adam a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, yana mai da shi ƙalubalen karatu. Amma ƙungiyar ta haɓaka hanya mai sauri da inganci na cloning da haɗa kwayar cutar ta amfani da ƙwayoyin yisti.

Tsarin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wata takarda da aka buga a cikin mujallar kimiyyar Nature, ta yi amfani da sake haɗawa da haɗin kai (TAR) don haɗa gajerun gutsuttsuran DNA zuwa gabaɗayan chromosomes a cikin ƙwayoyin yisti. Wannan dabarar ta ba wa masana kimiyya damar yin kwafin kwayar cutar cikin sauri da sauƙi. An yi amfani da hanyar don haɗa nau'in kwayar cutar da ke ɓoye furotin mai ba da rahoto mai haske, baiwa masana kimiyya damar tantance yuwuwar magunguna don ikon su na toshe ƙwayar cuta.

Duk da yake wannan binciken yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa akan hanyoyin cloning na gargajiya, yana kuma da haɗari. Cloning ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yisti na iya haifar da yaduwar cututtukan yisti a cikin mutane, kuma akwai haɗarin cewa ƙwayar cuta ta injiniya za ta iya tserewa daga dakin gwaje-gwaje. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin tsarin cloning yana ba da kayan aiki mai ƙarfi don yin kwafin ƙwayoyin cuta da sauri da haɓaka ingantattun jiyya ko rigakafin. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike suna binciken aiwatar da TAR don haɗa wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da MERS (Ciwon Ciwon Gabas ta Tsakiya) da Zika.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da cloning da hada ƙwayoyin cuta

Faɗin tasirin cloning da haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haɗawa: 

• Ci gaba da bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta masu tasowa, yana baiwa gwamnatoci damar yin shiri don yuwuwar annoba ko annoba.
• Biopharma mai saurin sa ido kan haɓaka magunguna da samarwa akan cututtukan hoto.
• Ƙara yawan amfani da kwayar cutar cloning don gano makaman halittu. Duk da haka, wasu ƙungiyoyi na iya yin haka don haɓaka ingantattun sinadarai da gubar halitta.
• Ana ƙara matsawa gwamnatoci su kasance masu fayyace game da karatun ilimin halittar jiki da ake bayarwa a bainar jama'a da kuma yin kwafin da ake yi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwajen su, gami da tsare-tsare na gaggawa na lokacin/idan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suka tsere.
• Manyan jarin jama'a da masu zaman kansu cikin bincike na cloning ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan ayyukan na iya haifar da karuwar ayyukan yi a fannin.
• Fadadawa a fagen maganin keɓaɓɓen magani, daidaita jiyya zuwa bayanan martaba na mutum ɗaya da haɓaka tasirin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
• Haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin sarrafa kayan aikin noma, mai yuwuwar rage dogaro ga magungunan kashe qwari da haɓaka noma mai ɗorewa.
• Cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda ke haɗa fasahar kere-kere ta ci gaba a cikin manhajoji, wanda ke haifar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata a cikin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin halitta.

Tambayoyin da za a duba

• Ta yaya kuma kuke tunanin ƙwayoyin cuta na cloning na iya haɓaka karatu akan cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri?
• Menene sauran haɗarin sake haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin lab?