Bias Bincike na Genome: Laifin ɗan adam yana shiga cikin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta

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Bias Bincike na Genome: Laifin ɗan adam yana shiga cikin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta

Bias Bincike na Genome: Laifin ɗan adam yana shiga cikin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta

Babban taken rubutu
Ƙimar bincike ta Genome tana bayyana rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin mahimman abubuwan kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta.
    • About the Author:
    • Sunan marubuci
      Quantumrun Haskaka
    • Disamba 14, 2021

    Takaitacciyar fahimta

    Bude sirrin DNA ɗin mu tafiya ce mai ban sha'awa, amma ita ce wacce a halin yanzu ke karkata zuwa ga mutanen Turai, wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen lafiya. Duk da ɗimbin ɗimbin jinsin halitta a duk faɗin duniya, yawancin binciken kwayoyin halitta yana mai da hankali kan ƙaramin yanki na yawan jama'a, ba da gangan ba da haɓaka maganin kabilanci da yuwuwar jiyya. Don magance wannan, ana ci gaba da yunƙuri don rarraba bayanan kwayoyin halitta, da nufin haɓaka sakamakon kiwon lafiya ga kowa da kuma samar da daidaito a cikin binciken kwayoyin halitta.

    Halin son zuciya na binciken Genome

    Ko da yake ana samun bayanan kwayoyin halitta saboda yalwar kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta na yi-it-yourself (DIY), yawancin DNA da masana kimiyya ke amfani da su don bincike mai zurfi sun fito ne daga mutanen Turai. Wannan al'ada na iya haifar da maganin kabilanci ba da gangan ba, rashin ganewa, da magani mai cutarwa.

    A cewar mujallar kimiyya cell, mutanen zamani sun samo asali a Afirka fiye da shekaru 300,000 da suka wuce kuma sun bazu a fadin nahiyar. ’Yan kalilan ne suka bar nahiyar kimanin shekaru 80,000 da suka shige, suna ƙaura zuwa ko’ina cikin duniya kuma suka ɗauki wani yanki na kwayoyin halittar magabata. Duk da haka, nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun fi mayar da hankali kan wannan rukunin. A cikin 2018, kashi 78 cikin 12 na samfuran ƙungiyoyi masu fa'ida (GWAS) sun fito ne daga Turai. Duk da haka, Turawa da zuriyarsu sun ƙunshi kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari na yawan al'ummar duniya. 

    A cewar masu binciken, bayanan da suka nuna son zuciya suna sa masana kimiyya da likitoci su gano matsaloli ko rubuta magunguna da suka dace da mutanen da ke da kwayoyin halittar Turai amma ba ga mutanen wasu kabilu ba. Wannan aikin kuma ana saninsa da maganin kabilanci. Masana ilimin halitta sun yi imanin rashin daidaituwar lafiya zai daɗa ta'azzara lokacin da takamaiman bayanan launin fata kawai aka ba da fifiko. Yayin da mutane ke raba kashi 99.9 na DNA ɗin su, wannan kashi 0.1 bisa XNUMX na bambancin jinsin halittu daban-daban na iya zama batun rayuwa da mutuwa.

    Tasiri mai rudani 

    A cewar Broad Institute ƙwararriyar kwayoyin halitta Alicia Martin, Baƙin Amurkawa na ci gaba da fuskantar ayyukan wariyar launin fata a fagen kiwon lafiya. Sun kasance, a sakamakon haka, ba za su iya amincewa da mutanen da ke aiki a magani ba. Duk da haka, wannan matsalar ba kawai saboda wariyar launin fata ba ne; son zuciya kuma yana taka rawa. Sakamakon haka, sakamakon lafiya sau huɗu zuwa biyar ya fi daidai ga mutanen da ke da asalin Turai fiye da na mutanen Afirka. Martin ya yi iƙirarin ba kawai matsala ce ga mutanen al'adun Afirka ba amma damuwa ce ga kowa.

    H3Africa kungiya ce da ke ƙoƙarin gyara wannan gibin kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yunƙurin yana ba masu bincike abubuwan da suka dace don kammala binciken kwayoyin halitta da karɓar kuɗin horo. Daya daga cikin manufofin kungiyar shi ne masu bincike na Afirka za su iya tattara bayanan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka shafi kimiyyar yankin. Wannan damar ba wai kawai ta ba su damar bincika batutuwan da suka shafi ilimin halittu ba amma har ma su zama jagorori wajen buga sakamakon binciken kan waɗannan batutuwa.

    A halin yanzu, sauran kamfanoni suna da manufa iri ɗaya kamar H3Africa. Misali, farawa daga Najeriya 54gene yana aiki tare da asibitocin Afirka don tattara samfuran DNA don binciken kwayoyin halitta. A halin da ake ciki, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya tana tattara aƙalla samfuran DNA miliyan 1 daga al'ummar Amurka dabam-dabam don daidaita rinjayen ƙwayoyin halittar Turai a cikin ma'ajin ta.

    Abubuwan da ke haifar da son zuciya na bincike na genomic

    Faɗin abubuwan da ke haifar da son zuciya na binciken genomic na iya haɗawa da: 

    • Ƙara son zuciya a cikin kiwon lafiya, tare da likitoci ba za su iya tantancewa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya na kabilanci kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a ba.
    • Haɓaka magunguna da magunguna marasa inganci waɗanda ke shafar ƙabilanci marasa daidaituwa.
    • Ƙananan ƙananan masu yuwuwar fuskantar wariya ba bisa ka'ida ba daga kamfanonin inshora da sauran masu ba da sabis saboda rashin fahimtar kwayoyin halitta ga tsiraru.
    • A halin yanzu da kuma na gaba nau'o'in kabilanci ko launin fata suna ƙara mayar da hankali kan kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya haifar da rashin fahimtar kwayoyin halitta ga tsiraru.
    • Asarar dama ga masana kimiyya da ke binciken kwayoyin halittar da ba a tantance su ba, wanda ke haifar da karin cikas ga daidaito a binciken kwayoyin halitta.
    • Ƙasashe da yawa suna haɗin gwiwa don rarraba bankunan halittu na jama'a don mayar da martani ga karuwar suka game da binciken kiwon lafiya na son zuciya.
    • Ingantattun bincike na magani da magani wanda ke yin la'akari da sauran jama'a, buɗe damar yin amfani da fasahar kere-kere da kamfanonin harhada magunguna.

    Tambayoyin da za a duba

    • Me yasa kuke tunanin akwai karancin dama ga masana kimiyya suyi nazarin kwayoyin halitta iri-iri? 
    • Kuna ganin ya kamata masana kimiyya su sake duba binciken da suka gabata ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na kabilanci da kabilanci? 
    • Wadanne manufofi ne ya kamata a sabunta su a cikin fannin binciken kwayoyin halitta don sanya bincikensa ya zama mai ma'ana ga dukkan 'yan tsiraru?