Kafukufuku wopeza ntchito: Kodi ubale pakati pa kafukufuku wazachilengedwe, chitetezo, ndi anthu umafunika kuganiziridwanso?

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Kafukufuku wopeza ntchito: Kodi ubale pakati pa kafukufuku wazachilengedwe, chitetezo, ndi anthu umafunika kuganiziridwanso?

Kafukufuku wopeza ntchito: Kodi ubale pakati pa kafukufuku wazachilengedwe, chitetezo, ndi anthu umafunika kuganiziridwanso?

Mutu waung'ono mawu
Zowopsa zomwe zikupitilira za biosecurity ndi biosafety zokhudzana ndi phindu la kafukufuku wantchito tsopano zili patsogolo pakuwunika kwa anthu.
    • Author:
    • Dzina la wolemba
      Quantumrun Foresight
    • April 11, 2022

    Chidule cha chidziwitso

    Kafukufuku wa Gain-of-Function (GOF), kufufuza kochititsa chidwi kwa masinthidwe omwe amasintha ntchito ya jini, kwakhala chida chofunikira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa matenda ndikupanga njira zodzitetezera, komanso kumapereka nkhawa zazikulu zachitetezo ndi chitetezo. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa GOF, kuchokera pakusintha zinyalala za pulasitiki kukhala mafuta opangira mafuta mpaka kupanga matenda omwe akulimbana kwambiri monga zida zankhondo, kumawonetsa mwayi wodalirika komanso zoopsa zowopsa. Komabe, zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za kafukufukuyu zimafuna kuganiziridwa mozama ndikuwongolera moyenera ndi maboma ndi mafakitale.

    Kupindula kwa ntchito

    GOF imayang'ana masinthidwe omwe amasintha jini kapena mapuloteni akugwira ntchito kapena mawonekedwe ake. Njira yofananira, yotchedwa kutayika kwa ntchito, imaphatikizapo kupondereza jini ndikuwona zomwe zimachitika kwa zamoyo popanda izo. Chamoyo chilichonse chikhoza kukulitsa luso kapena zinthu zatsopano kapena kupeza ntchito mwa kusankha kwachilengedwe kapena kuyesa kwasayansi. Komabe, ngakhale kuti n'zothandiza pakupanga katemera wa m'badwo wotsatira ndi mankhwala, kuyesa kwa sayansi ya GOF kungathenso kuwonetsa zofunikira zokhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi chitetezo.

    Pankhani yake, asayansi amasintha zamoyo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo potengera luso la chamoyocho komanso zotsatira zomwe akufuna. Zambiri mwa njirazi zimaphatikizapo kusintha chibadwa cha chamoyo, pamene zina zingaphatikizepo zamoyo zomwe zimayikidwa m'malo omwe amalimbikitsa ntchito zogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa majini. 

    Kafukufuku wa GOF poyamba adakopa chidwi cha anthu mu June 2012, pamene magulu awiri ofufuza adawulula kuti adasintha kachilombo ka chimfine cha avian pogwiritsa ntchito majini opangira ma genetic ndi chisinthiko chotsogolera kuti athe kupatsirana pakati pa ferrets. Ena mwa anthu anali ndi mantha kuti kufalitsa zomwe apeza kungakhale kofanana ndi kupereka ndondomeko yobweretsera mliri woopsa. M'zaka zapitazi, opereka ndalama ofufuza, andale, ndi asayansi akhala akukangana ngati ntchito yotereyi imafuna kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri kuti apewe kutulutsa mwangozi kapena dala mliri wopangidwa ndi labu. 

    Mabungwe opereka ndalama ku US, omwe amathandizira kafukufuku wopangidwa m'maiko ena, pamapeto pake adayimitsa ku 2014 pa kafukufuku wa GOF wokhudza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda avian influenza (HPAIV) pomwe akupanga njira zatsopano zowunikira zoopsa ndi zopindulitsa. Kuyimitsako kudachotsedwa mu Disembala 2017. Kafukufuku wa GOF wabwereranso pamalo owonekera, chifukwa cha mliri wa SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) komanso komwe unatsutsidwa. Asayansi angapo ndi andale akuti mwina mliriwu udachokera ku labu, pomwe mliriwu ukudzutsa nkhani zofunika zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wa GOF. 

    Zosokoneza

    Kuphunzira kwa GOF mu mankhwala opatsirana kumakhudza kwambiri kumvetsetsa matenda ndikupanga njira zodzitetezera. Poyang'ana momwe ma virus amasinthira ndikuphatikizira anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, asayansi amatha kuwulula momwe ma virus amasinthira ndikupatsira omwe ali nawo. Kudziwa kumeneku kumathandizira kupanga njira zopewera kapena kuchiza matenda mwa anthu ndi nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa GOF amatha kuwunika kuthekera kwa mliri wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kutsogolera zaumoyo wa anthu komanso zoyeserera, kuphatikiza kupanga mayankho ogwira mtima azachipatala. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kafukufukuyu atha kubwera ndi ziwopsezo zachitetezo cha biosecurity, zomwe zimafuna kuwunika kwapadera kwachiwopsezo ndi njira zochepetsera.

    Pankhani yaumoyo wa anthu ammudzi, kafukufuku wa GOF amagwira ntchito ngati chida chofunikira poyembekezera kusintha kwa ma virus odziwika. Powunikira kusintha komwe kungathe kuchitika, kumathandizira kuyang'anira bwino, kulola madera kuzindikira ndi kuyankha pazosinthazi mwachangu. Kukonzekera katemera kusanachitike kumakhala kotheka, kupulumutsa miyoyo ndi chuma. Komabe, zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa kafukufuku wa GOF sizinganyalanyazidwe. Zitha kupangitsa kupangidwa kwa zamoyo zomwe zimakhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kapena ma virus kuposa chamoyo cha makolo awo, kapenanso zamoyo zomwe njira zodziwira zomwe zilipo komanso zochizira sizingagwire.

    Maboma angafunike kuyika ndalama pazomangamanga ndi maphunziro kuti awonetsetse kuti kafukufuku wa GOF akuchitidwa mosamala komanso mwachilungamo. Makampani omwe amakhudzidwa ndi zachipatala ndi zamankhwala atha kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufukuyu kuti apange zinthu zatsopano ndi ntchito koma angafunike kuyang'ana mosamala momwe amayendera komanso momwe amayendera. Anthu, makamaka omwe ali m'madera omwe akhudzidwa, adzapindula ndi kapewedwe ka matenda ndi chithandizo chamankhwala, koma ayeneranso kudziwa za zoopsa zomwe zingachitike komanso mikangano yamagulu okhudzana ndi njira yasayansi yamphamvuyi. 

    Zotsatira za kupeza-ntchito

    Zotsatira zazikulu za GOF zingaphatikizepo:

    • Asayansi mu gawo lalikulu la bioscience akutha kuchita mayeso apamwamba pazambiri zasayansi zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti timvetsetse mozama njira zamoyo komanso kuthekera kwazinthu zatsopano zachipatala, zaulimi, ndi magawo ena ofunikira.
    • Kupanga matekinoloje atsopano ndi chithandizo chamankhwala chamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachipatala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino za odwala, chisamaliro chamunthu payekha, komanso kupulumutsa ndalama zomwe zingachitike m'mayendedwe azachipatala.
    • Zamoyo zopanga ma genetic kuti zithandizire chilengedwe, monga kusintha E. coli kuti asinthe zinyalala zapulasitiki kukhala mafuta opangira kapena chinthu china, zomwe zimatsogolera ku njira zatsopano zoyendetsera zinyalala komanso njira zothetsera mphamvu.
    • Maboma ankhanza ndi mabungwe omwe amapereka ndalama zothandizira chitukuko cha matenda omwe akuwafuna kwambiri komanso osamva mankhwala kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zida zankhondo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwopsezo chachitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kufunikira kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse mu biosafety.
    • Kuthekera kowonjezereka kosintha ma genetic, zomwe zimadzetsa mikangano yamakhalidwe ndi malamulo omwe angachitike okhudza uinjiniya wamtundu wa anthu, makanda opanga, komanso kuthekera kwa zotsatirapo zosayembekezereka za chilengedwe.
    • Kukula kwamankhwala odziyimira pawokha kudzera mu kusanthula kwa majini ndi chithandizo chogwirizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zochiritsira zogwira mtima komanso kudzutsa nkhawa zachinsinsi, tsankho, komanso kupezeka kwamagulu onse azachuma.
    • Kuthekera kwa bioscience kumathandizira paulimi wokhazikika popanga mbewu zosamva chilala komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sawononga chilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chakudya chokwanira komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
    • Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi mwayi wosagwirizana ndi matekinoloje apamwamba a sayansi yazachilengedwe ndi chithandizo m'magawo osiyanasiyana komanso magulu azachuma, zomwe zikupangitsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa kusiyana kwaumoyo komanso chipwirikiti chomwe chingakhalepo.
    • Kuphatikizika kwa bioscience ndiukadaulo wazidziwitso, zomwe zimabweretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafakitale atsopano ndi mwayi wantchito komanso kumafuna kuphunzitsidwanso kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito ndikusintha kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe msika wantchito umafuna.

    Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

    • Kodi mukuganiza kuti kuopsa kwa kafukufuku wa GOF kumaposa phindu?
    • Kodi mukukhulupirira kuti makampani azinsinsi akuyenera kukhalabe ndi luso lochita kafukufuku wa GOF, kapena kafukufuku wa GOF azingopezeka m'ma laboratories aboma, kapena aletsedwe kwenikweni?