Kuwona kopangidwa ndi ubongo: Kupanga zithunzi mkati mwa ubongo

• Author:
• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• August 17, 2022

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Kusaona ndi nkhani yofala kwambiri, ndipo asayansi akuyesa zoikamo muubongo kuti abwezeretse kuona. Ma implants amenewa, omwe amalowetsedwa mwachindunji mu ubongo, amatha kusintha kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losawona bwino, kuwalola kuti aziwona mawonekedwe ofunikira komanso mwinanso mtsogolo. Tekinoloje yomwe ikupita patsogoloyi sikuti imangowonjezera mwayi wodziyimira pawokha kwa omwe ali ndi vuto losawona komanso imadzutsa mafunso okhudza momwe zimakhudzira chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chilengedwe.

Chiwonetsero cha masomphenya a ubongo

Chimodzi mwazovuta zomwe zimachitika padziko lonse lapansi ndi khungu, lomwe limakhudza anthu opitilira 410 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi mosiyanasiyana. Asayansi akufufuza njira zambiri zothandizira anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli, kuphatikiza ma implants achindunji mu ubongo.

Chitsanzo pa nkhaniyi ndi mphunzitsi wina wazaka 58, yemwe anali wakhungu kwa zaka 16. Kenako amatha kuwona zilembo, kuzindikira m'mphepete mwa zinthu, ndikusewera sewero la kanema la Maggie Simpson pambuyo poti dokotala wa opaleshoni adayika ma microneedles 100 mu kotekisi yake yowonera kuti ajambule ndi kulimbikitsa ma neuron. Woyesedwayo adavala magalasi amaso okhala ndi makamera ang'onoang'ono amakanema ndi mapulogalamu omwe amasunga zowonera. Chidziwitsocho chinatumizidwa ku maelekitirodi mu ubongo wake. Anakhala ndi implant kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndipo sanasokonezeke muubongo wake kapena zovuta zina zaumoyo. 

Kafukufukuyu, wochitidwa ndi gulu la asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Miguel Hernández (Spain) ndi Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, akuyimira kudumpha kwa asayansi omwe akuyembekeza kupanga ubongo wowoneka wochita kupanga womwe ungathandize anthu akhungu kukhala odziimira okha. Pakadali pano, asayansi ku UK adapanga choyikapo muubongo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazitali zamagetsi kuti ziwongolere kuthwa kwa chithunzi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Matenda obadwa nawo amenewa, omwe amakhudza munthu mmodzi pa anthu 1 a ku Britain, amawononga maselo ozindikira kuwala kwa diso ndipo pamapeto pake amachititsa khungu.

Zosokoneza

Ngakhale ndikulonjeza, kuyezetsa kwakukulu kumafunikira chithandizo chomwe chikukulachi chisanaperekedwe mwamalonda. Magulu ofufuza a ku Spain ndi Dutch akufufuza momwe angapangire zithunzi zomwe zimatumizidwa ku ubongo kukhala zovuta kwambiri komanso zimalimbikitsa maelekitirodi ochulukirapo nthawi imodzi kuti anthu athe kuwona zambiri kuposa maonekedwe ndi kayendetsedwe kake. Cholinga chake ndikuthandizira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lowoneka kuti azigwira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikizapo kudziwa anthu, zitseko, kapena magalimoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo chiwonjezeke komanso kuyenda.

Mwa kunyalanyaza kugwirizana kumene kulipo pakati pa ubongo ndi maso, asayansi angaike maganizo ake pa kusonkhezera ubongo mwachindunji kuti ubwezeretse zithunzi, maonekedwe, ndi mitundu. Njira yokhayo yoyikamo, yotchedwa minicraniotomy, ndiyolunjika kwambiri ndipo imatsatira machitidwe odziwika bwino a neurosurgical. Zimaphatikizapo kupanga dzenje la 1.5-cm mu chigaza kuti muyike gulu la maelekitirodi.

Ofufuza amanena kuti gulu la ma elekitirodi pafupifupi 700 ndi okwanira kupereka munthu wakhungu chidziwitso chokwanira chowoneka kuti apititse patsogolo kwambiri kuyenda ndi kudziimira. Amafuna kuwonjezera ma microarrays m'maphunziro amtsogolo chifukwa choyikapo chimangofunika mafunde ang'onoang'ono amagetsi kuti alimbikitse cortex yowonekera. Thandizo lina lomwe likukula ndikugwiritsa ntchito chida chosinthira ma gene cha CRISPR kuti asinthe ndi kukonza DNA ya odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osowa a maso kuti thupi lichiritse zowona mwachilengedwe.

Zotsatira za njira zobwezeretsera masomphenya osakhazikika

Zowonjezereka za ma implants muubongo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwongolera masomphenya ndi kubwezeretsanso zingaphatikizepo: 

• Kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano pakati pa mayunivesite azachipatala, oyambitsa chithandizo chamankhwala, ndi makampani opanga mankhwala omwe amayang'ana kwambiri njira zochiritsira zobwezeretsa masomphenya aubongo, zomwe zimapangitsa kupita patsogolo kwamtunduwu.
• Kusintha kwa maphunziro a neurosurgical kupita ku ukatswiri wa njira zopangira ubongo kuti abwezeretse masomphenya, kusintha kwambiri maphunziro azachipatala ndi machitidwe.
• Kafukufuku wochuluka wa magalasi anzeru ngati njira ina yosasokoneza ma implants a muubongo, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wovala kuti muwone bwino.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyika muubongo mwa anthu omwe ali ndi masomphenya abwinobwino, opatsa mphamvu zowoneka bwino monga kuyang'ana kwambiri, kumveka bwino kwakutali, kapena masomphenya a infrared, ndikusintha magawo osiyanasiyana aukadaulo omwe amadalira luso lowoneka bwino.
• Maonekedwe a ntchito akusintha pamene anthu omwe ali ndi masomphenya obwezeretsedwa amalowa kapena kulowanso ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa kupezeka kwa ntchito ndi zofunikira za maphunziro m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
• Zomwe zingawononge chilengedwe chifukwa chochulukirachulukira kupanga ndi kutayika kwa zida zotsogola zaukadaulo wapamwamba, zomwe zimafunikira njira zokhazikika zopangira ndi zobwezeretsanso.
• Kusintha kwa machitidwe a ogula ndi kufunikira kwa msika monga masomphenya owonjezereka akukhala khalidwe labwino, lomwe limalimbikitsa mafakitale kuyambira zosangalatsa mpaka zoyendera.
• Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malingaliro olemala, monga luso loikamo ubongo limasokoneza mzere pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kuwonjezereka, zomwe zimatsogolera ku miyambo yatsopano ya chikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwaumunthu.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Mukuganiza kuti ukadaulo uwu ungasinthe bwanji miyoyo ya anthu osawona?
• Ndi mapulogalamu ena ati omwe alipo paukadaulowu?