Misonkho yapadziko lonse ya carbon: Kodi aliyense ayenera kulipira chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe?

• Author:
• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• September 28, 2023

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Msonkho wa kaboni wa European Union pa zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wambiri umafuna kulimbikitsa mabizinesi obiriwira. Komabe, imakumana ndi zovuta zingapo, kuphatikiza zoyezera komanso chiopsezo cholimbikitsa chitetezo. Ngakhale msonkho ukhoza kubweretsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito zachilengedwe, pali nkhawa zokhudzana ndi momwe zimakhudzira malonda a mayiko ndi momwe ndalamazo zingagawire padziko lonse lapansi. Maiko monga US ndi China akuganizira zomwe angasankhe kapena akufuna kuti asaloledwe. Ngakhale pali zovuta, pali mgwirizano waukulu pakufunika kwachangu kwa ndondomeko zamalonda za carbon.

Msonkho wapadziko lonse wa carbon tax

Misonkho ya kaboni yapadziko lonse ndi chindapusa chomwe chimaperekedwa pa katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (GHGs), nthawi zambiri potumiza kapena kutumiza kunja. Lingaliro kumbuyo kwawo ndikukhazikitsa mitengo yolimbikitsa mabizinesi kuti achepetse kutulutsa kwawo m'njira yomwe simalanga maiko omwe ali ndi mbiri yotsika yotulutsa mpweya kapena omwe akuvutika pazachuma. Kawirikawiri, mitengo ya carbon ndi yovuta. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chake ndi chabwino, zotsatira za ndale ndi zachuma zingakhale zovuta. Choyamba, palibe malangizo omveka bwino oyezera kaboni muzinthu ndi zinthu. Kachiwiri, mitengo yamitengo, nthawi zambiri, imatha kulimbikitsa chitetezo, pomwe ulamuliro umapereka mwayi kwa osewera apanyumba ndikupangitsa kuti aliyense asalowe.

Bungwe la International Monetary Fund (IMF) lati mmalo mwa mitengo yamitengo, pakuyenera kukhala msonkho wokhazikika wokhazikika wa carbon kutengera gross domestic product (GDP) ya dziko. Komabe, kuvomerezana ndikuti uku ndi maloto a chitoliro pakadali pano. Ambiri amaganiza kuti misonkho ya carbon ndi njira yabwino yowonetsetsa kuti aliyense akulipira kuwonongeka komwe amawononga chilengedwe. Ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku misonkhozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Komabe, kumsika kumene zilolezo zimagulitsidwa, chipukuta misozi chikanakhalapo ngati zilolezo poyamba zinaperekedwa kwa anthu onse ndipo oipitsa anakakamizika kuzilipira kudzera m’malonda. Koma makampani akapeza ziphaso, ali ndi ufulu woipitsa zambiri pogulira zilolezo popanda kubweza anthu onse.

Zosokoneza

Pali zovuta zingapo pakukhazikitsa ndi kukakamiza misonkho yapadziko lonse lapansi ya carbon. Chimodzi ndikuyanjanitsa zofuna za dziko zosiyanasiyana; ina ndikuwonetsetsa kuti msonkhowo sukupanga zolimbikitsa mwachibwanabwana, monga kulimbikitsa makampani kusamutsira ntchito zawo kumayiko omwe ali ndi malamulo ochepetsa zachilengedwe. Palinso funso la momwe ndalama zamisonkho zingagawidwe pakati pa mayiko. Komabe, pali mgwirizano waukulu kuti misonkho yapadziko lonse ya carbon ikhoza kutenga gawo lofunikira pochepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Iwo angathandize kuti mayiko otukuka ndi amene akungotukuka kumene, athandize kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, ndiponso kuti apeze ndalama zimene zikufunika kwambiri pothandiza kusintha nyengo.

Komabe, US, China, Brazil, India, South Africa, ndi mayiko ena omwe akutukuka kumene akuganiza kuti msonkho wa carbon ukhoza kuwononga malonda a mayiko. Chotsatira chake, makampani ochokera m'mayikowa akhoza kusankha kukakamiza msonkho wa carbon kapena zopinga zina ku EU zomwe zimachokera kunja pobwezera. Atha kupanganso dongosolo lawo la msonkho wa kaboni (US ndi Canada tsopano akuzilingalira). Chinanso chomwe chingachitike ndikuti mayikowa atha kutsegula mlandu wa World Trade Organisation (WTO) motsutsana ndi EU. Pomaliza, atha kukambirana ndi Union kuti akhululukire ena. Kaya zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za msonkho wapadziko lonse wa carbon, zikuwonekeratu kuti pakufunika kofunika kupanga ndondomeko zamalonda za carbon. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuvomereza momwe angayesere carbon popanga ndi kuvomereza kuti mayiko ali ndi njira zosiyana zochepetsera carbon.

Zotsatira za msonkho wapadziko lonse wa carbon

Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi misonkho yapadziko lonse lapansi ya kaboni ingaphatikizepo: 

• Mayiko ochulukirapo akupanga (kapena kuganizira) njira zawo zamisonkho za kaboni kuti ateteze zokonda zawo zamsika.
• Makampani opanga ndi zomangamanga amalipira misonkho yokwera mtengo pazinthu zawo. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti makampaniwa atuluke m'misika ina.
• Kuwonjezeka kwa zokambirana pakati pa mayiko kuti akhazikitse ndondomeko yokhazikika ya msonkho wa carbon padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo kulongosola matanthauzo ndi miyeso. Pakadali pano, mayiko omwe satenga nawo gawo mu dongosolo lino lapadziko lonse lapansi adzakhala ngati njira zotsekera mpweya ku mayiko ena komanso mayiko omwe sakufuna kutenga nawo mbali.
• Makampani omwe amapereka ndalama zamisonkho kwa makasitomala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katundu azikwera mtengo.
• Chuma chomwe chikutukuka chikusokonekera pamene akuvutika kuti mpweya wawo ukhale wotsika chifukwa cha kusowa kwaukadaulo komanso ukatswiri.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Kodi msonkho wapadziko lonse lapansi ungakhudze bwanji zinthu ndi ntchito?
• Kodi zotsatira zina za ndale ndi ziti?