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Chifukwa chiyani mayiko akupikisana kuti apange makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri? Tsogolo la Makompyuta P6

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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Lachiwiri, 09/15/2020 - 15:33

Aliyense amene amalamulira tsogolo la makompyuta, ndiye mwini dziko. Makampani aukadaulo amadziwa. Mayiko akudziwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake maphwando omwe akufuna kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi lamtsogolo ali mumpikisano wamantha kuti apange makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri.

Ndani akupambana? Ndipo kodi ndalama zonse zamakompyuta izi zidzapindula bwanji? Tisanafufuze mafunso amenewa, tiyeni tionenso mmene makompyuta amakono amaonekera.

Mawonekedwe a supercomputer

Monga m'mbuyomu, masiku ano makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri ndi makina akuluakulu, ofanana ndi kukula kwake kwa malo oimika magalimoto omwe amakhala ndi magalimoto 40-50, ndipo amatha kuwerengera tsiku limodzi yankho la ntchito zomwe zingatenge makompyuta ambiri zaka masauzande ambiri. kuthetsa. Kusiyanitsa kokhako ndikuti monga momwe makompyuta athu adakhwima mu mphamvu zamakompyuta, momwemonso makompyuta athu apamwamba.

Pankhani, makompyuta apamwamba masiku ano amapikisana pa sikelo ya petaflop: 1 Kilobyte = 1,000 bits 1 Megabit = 1,000 kilobytes 1 Gigabit = 1,000 Megabits 1 Terabit = 1,000 Gigabits 1 Petabit = 1,000 Terabits

Kuti mumasulire mawu omwe mungawerenge pansipa, dziwani kuti 'Bit' ndi gawo la kuyeza kwa data. 'Bytes' ndi gawo loyezera posungira zidziwitso za digito. Pomaliza, 'Flop' imayimira ntchito zoyandama pa sekondi iliyonse ndikuyesa liwiro la kuwerengera. Ntchito zoyandama zimalola kuwerengera manambala aatali kwambiri, kuthekera kofunikira m'magawo osiyanasiyana asayansi ndi uinjiniya, ndi ntchito yomwe makompyuta apamwamba amapangidwira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, polankhula za makompyuta apamwamba, makampani amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti 'flop.'

Ndani amalamulira makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi?

Zikafika pankhondo yaukulu wamakompyuta, mayiko otsogola ndi omwe mungayembekezere: makamaka United States, China, Japan ndikusankha mayiko a EU.

Komabe, monga momwe kubzala mtengo mu 10 yapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi kumakhala kutchuka, chofunikira kwambiri ndi gawo la dziko lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pano dziko limodzi latsogola: China.

Chifukwa chiyani maiko amapikisana kuti akhale apamwamba pakompyuta

Kuchokera pa Udindo wa 2017, China ili ndi 202 ya makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri a 500 padziko lapansi (40%), pamene America amalamulira 144 (29%). Koma manambala amatanthauza zochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa makompyuta omwe dziko lingathe kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo panonso China imalamulira mtsogoleri wolamulira; Kupatula kukhala ndi ma supercomputers atatu apamwamba kwambiri (2018), China imasangalalanso ndi 35 peresenti yamphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi, poyerekeza ndi 30 peresenti ya US.

Pa nthawiyi, funso lachibadwa lofunsa ndi lakuti, ndani amasamala? Chifukwa chiyani mayiko amapikisana pakupanga makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri?

Monga tafotokozera pansipa, ma supercomputer ndi chida chothandizira. Amalola asayansi ndi mainjiniya adziko kuti apitilize kupita patsogolo (ndipo nthawi zina chimphona chimadumphira kutsogolo) m'magawo monga biology, kulosera zanyengo, zakuthambo, zida zanyukiliya, ndi zina zambiri.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, makompyuta apamwamba amalola makampani apadera a dziko kupanga zopereka zopindulitsa kwambiri komanso mabungwe ake a boma kuti azigwira ntchito bwino. Kwa zaka zambiri, kupita patsogolo kothandizidwa ndi makompyuta apamwambawa kutha kusintha kwambiri momwe dziko likuyendera pazachuma, zankhondo, komanso pazandale.

Pamlingo wosadziwika bwino, dziko lomwe limayang'anira gawo lalikulu kwambiri laukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri ndilo mwini tsogolo.

Kuphwanya chotchinga cha exaflop

Poganizira zomwe tafotokozazi, siziyenera kudabwitsa kuti US ikukonzekera kubwereranso.

Mu 2017, Purezidenti Obama adayambitsa National Strategic Computing Initiative monga mgwirizano pakati pa Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo, ndi National Science Foundation. Ntchitoyi yapereka kale ndalama zokwana madola 258 miliyoni kwa makampani asanu ndi limodzi pofuna kufufuza ndi kupanga makina apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi otchedwa exaflop supercomputer. Aurora. (Mwamalingaliro ena, awa ndi ma petaflops 1,000, pafupifupi mphamvu yowerengera yamakompyuta apamwamba kwambiri 500 padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mwachangu kuwirikiza thiriliyoni kuposa laputopu yanu.) Kompyutayi idakhazikitsidwa kuti itulutsidwe cha m'ma 2021 ndipo ithandizira zofufuza za mabungwe ngati Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security, NASA, FBI, National Institutes of Health, ndi zina.

Sinthani: Mu Epulo 2018, a Boma la US lidalengeza $600 miliyoni kuti athandizire makompyuta atatu atsopano a exaflop:

* ORNL System idaperekedwa mu 2021 ndikuvomerezedwa mu 2022 (ORNL system) * LLNL System idaperekedwa mu 2022 ndikuvomerezedwa mu 2023 (LLNL system) * ANL Potential System idaperekedwa mu 2022 ndikuvomerezedwa mu 2023 (ANL system)

Tsoka ilo ku US, China ikugwiranso ntchito pakompyuta yake ya exaflop. Chifukwa chake, mpikisano ukupitilira.

Momwe makompyuta apamwamba angathandizire kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi

Zomwe zidanenedwa kale, ma supercomputer amakono komanso amtsogolo amathandizira kuti pakhale maphunziro osiyanasiyana.

Zina mwazosintha zomwe anthu aziwona ndizakuti zida zatsiku ndi tsiku zidzayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso bwino. Zambiri zomwe zidazi zimagawana mumtambo zidzakonzedwa bwino ndi makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri, kuti othandizira anu am'manja, monga Amazon Alexa ndi Google Assistant, ayambe kumvetsetsa zomwe mumalankhula komanso yankhani mafunso anu ovuta mopanda chifukwa. Zovala zatsopano zambiri zidzatipatsanso mphamvu zodabwitsa, monga zotsekera m'makutu zanzeru zomwe zimamasulira nthawi yomweyo zilankhulo munthawi yeniyeni, mawonekedwe a Star Trek.

Momwemonso, pofika pakati pa 2020s, kamodzi Intaneti ya Zinthu kukhwima m'mayiko otukuka, pafupifupi katundu aliyense, galimoto, nyumba, ndi chirichonse m'nyumba zathu adzakhala olumikizidwa kwa intaneti. Izi zikachitika, dziko lanu lidzakhala lopanda mphamvu.

Mwachitsanzo, furiji yanu idzakutumizirani mndandanda wazinthu zogula mukatha chakudya. Mudzalowa m'sitolo, ndikusankha mndandanda wa zakudya, ndikutuluka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kapena ndalama zosungira ndalama - zinthuzo zidzachotsedwa ku akaunti yanu yakubanki kachiwiri mukatuluka m'nyumbayo. Mukatuluka kupita kumalo oimikapo magalimoto, taxi yodziyendetsa yokha idzakhala ikukuyembekezerani ndi thunthu lotseguka kuti musunge zikwama zanu ndikukuyendetsani kunyumba.

Koma udindo womwe ma supercomputer amtsogolowa adzagwire pamlingo waukulu udzakhala waukulu kwambiri. Zitsanzo zingapo:

Zoyeserera zama digito: Makompyuta apamwamba, makamaka pa exascale, alola asayansi kupanga zofananira zofananira zamakina achilengedwe, monga kuneneratu zanyengo ndi mitundu yayitali yakusintha kwanyengo. Momwemonso, tidzawagwiritsa ntchito kupanga zofananira bwino zamagalimoto zomwe zingathandize kupanga magalimoto odziyendetsa okha.

Semiconductors: Ma microchips amakono akhala ovuta kwambiri moti magulu a anthu sangathe kudzipanga okha. Pachifukwa ichi, mapulogalamu apamwamba apakompyuta ndi makompyuta apamwamba akutenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga makompyuta a mawa.

Agriculture: Makompyuta apamwamba amtsogolo adzathandiza kupanga zomera zatsopano zomwe sizimamva chilala, kutentha, ndi madzi amchere, komanso zopatsa thanzi - ntchito yofunika kwambiri kuti idyetse anthu mabiliyoni awiri omwe akuyembekezeka kulowa padziko lapansi pofika chaka cha 2050. Werengani zambiri m'buku lathu Tsogolo la Chiwerengero cha Anthu zino.

Pharma wamkulu: Makampani opanga mankhwala pamapeto pake adzapeza luso lokonza mitundu yambiri ya anthu, nyama, ndi zomera zomwe zingathandize kupanga mankhwala atsopano ndi mankhwala a matenda osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi komanso omwe si ofala kwambiri. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka pakabuka kachilombo katsopano, monga mantha a Ebola a 2015 ochokera ku East Africa. Kuthamanga kwamtsogolo kudzalola makampani opanga mankhwala kusanthula majeremusi a virus ndikupanga katemera wokhazikika mkati mwa masiku m'malo mwa milungu kapena miyezi. Werengani zambiri m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo la Thanzi zino.

Chitetezo cha dziko: Ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe boma likuyika ndalama zambiri pakupanga makompyuta apamwamba. Ma supercomputer amphamvu kwambiri athandiza akazembe amtsogolo kupanga njira zomenyera nkhondo pazochitika zilizonse zankhondo; ithandizanso kupanga zida zogwira mtima kwambiri, ndipo ithandizanso ogwira ntchito zamalamulo ndi akazitape kuzindikira bwino ziwopsezo zomwe zingakhalepo kwanthawi yayitali zisanawononge anthu wamba.

Nzeru zochita kupanga

Ndiyeno timabwera pamutu wotsutsana wa nzeru zamakono (AI). Zopambana zomwe tiwona mu AI yowona m'zaka za 2020 ndi 2030 zimadalira mphamvu yamphamvu yamakompyuta apamwamba amtsogolo. Koma bwanji ngati makompyuta apamwamba omwe tidawafotokozera m'mutu wonsewu atha kuthetsedwa ndi makompyuta atsopano?

Takulandilani kumakompyuta a quantum-mutu womaliza wa mndandandawu wangodinanso pang'ono.