Tsogolo la chilankhulo cha Chingerezi

"[Chingerezi] chikufalikira chifukwa ndi chofotokozera komanso chothandiza." — The Economist

M’mikhalidwe yopitirizabe ya kudalirana kwadziko kwamakono, chinenero chakhala chopinga chimene sichinganyalanyazidwe. Pa nthawi ina m’mbiri yaposachedwapa, anthu ena ankakhulupirira kuti Chitchaina chitha kukhala chinenero cha m’tsogolo, koma masiku ano dziko la China lili ngati chinenero cha padziko lonse. anthu ambiri olankhula Chingerezi. Kuyankhulana kwa Chingerezi kukuyenda bwino ndi makampani akuluakulu komanso osokoneza kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali m'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi, choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti kulankhulana kwa mayiko kumadalira kwambiri Chingelezi kukhala malo amodzi.

Chifukwa chake ndizovomerezeka, Chingerezi chatsala. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti tidzatha kuzizindikira zaka 100 kuchokera pano.

Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi ndi chamoyo champhamvu chomwe chakhala chikusintha nthawi zambiri, ndipo chidzapitiriza kutero. Chingerezi chikayamba kudziwika kuti ndi chapadziko lonse lapansi, chidzasintha kuti chigwirizane ndi ntchito yake ngati chilankhulo chapadziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira za zikhalidwe zina ndizabwino, koma tanthauzo la chilankhulo cha Chingerezi ndilambiri.

Kodi Zakale Zinganene Zotani Zokhudza M'tsogolo?

M'mbiri, Chingelezi chakhala chosavuta mobwerezabwereza kotero kuti zomwe timalemba ndi kulankhula lero zisamawonekere kapena kumveka mofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha Anglo-Saxon. Chilankhulochi chapitirizabe kukhala ndi makhalidwe atsopano makamaka chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri olankhula Chingelezi si mbadwa zawo. Pofika 2020 zanenedweratu kuti basi 15% ya anthu olankhula Chingerezi adzakhala olankhula Chingerezi.

Izi sizinatayikepo pa akatswiri a zinenero. Mu 1930, katswiri wa zilankhulo wachingelezi Charles K. Ogden anapanga zimene anazitcha kuti “Chingerezi Chachikulu,” lili ndi mawu 860 a Chingelezi ndipo anapangidwa kuti azilankhula zinenero zachilendo. Ngakhale kuti sichinakhazikike panthaŵiyo, kuyambira pamenepo chakhala chisonkhezero champhamvu cha “Chingerezi Chosavuta,” chomwe ndi chilankhulo chovomerezeka chaumisiri wachingerezi, monga mabuku aukadaulo.

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe Chingelezi Chosavuta ndichofunikira pakulankhulana kwaukadaulo. Poganizira za ubwino wa ndondomeko yazinthu, munthu ayenera kuganizira kufunika kogwiritsanso ntchito zomwe zili. Kugwiritsanso ntchito, monga momwe zimakhalira, kumapindulitsanso pakumasulira.

Kumasulira zomwe zili mkati sikotsika mtengo, koma makampani atha kuchepetsa kwambiri ndalamazi pogwiritsa ntchitonso. Mukagwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zili mkati zimayendetsedwa ndi makina omasulira omasulira (TMS) omwe amazindikira zingwe (zolemba) zomwe zidamasuliridwa kale. Kufananiza kwachitsanzoku kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ndondomekoyi ndipo kumatchedwa mbali ya "zanzeru". Choncho, kuchepetsa chinenero ndi kuchepetsa mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito kudzabweretsanso kusunga nthawi ndi ndalama pomasulira, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito ma TMS awa. Zotsatira zosalephereka za Chingerezi Chosavuta ndi chilankhulo chosavuta komanso chobwerezabwereza mkati mwa zomwe zili; ngakhale kubwerezabwereza kolimbikitsa, koma kotopetsa chimodzimodzi.

In Kuwongolera Zinthu Zamakampani, Charles Cooper ndi Anne Rockley amalimbikitsa ubwino wa "mapangidwe osasinthasintha, mawu omveka bwino, ndi ndondomeko zolembera zovomerezeka". Ngakhale maubwinowa ndi osatsutsika, ndikuchepa kwachiyankhulo cha Chingerezi, makamaka pakulumikizana.

Funso lochititsa mantha limakhala loti, Chingelezi chidzawoneka bwanji mtsogolomu? Kodi iyi ndi imfa ya chingerezi?

Kupititsa patsogolo Chingelezi Chatsopano

Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi pakali pano chikupangidwa ndi olankhula akunja, komanso kufunikira kwathu kulumikizana nawo. A kuphunzira mozama zinenero zisanu lofalitsidwa ndi John McWhorter ananena kuti pamene ambiri akunja olankhula kuphunzira chinenero mopanda ungwiro, kuchotsa zosafunika tizing'onoting'ono ka galamala ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuumba chinenero. Motero, chinenero chimene amachilankhula tingachione ngati chinenero chosavuta kumva.

Komabe, McWhorter amanenanso kuti zosavuta kapena "zosiyana" sizikufanana ndi "zoipa". Munkhani yosangalatsa ya TED, Txting ndi Killing Language. JK!!!, adachoka pa zokambirana za zomwe olankhula osakhala mbadwa achita ndi chinenerocho, kuti awonetsetse zomwe zipangizo zamakono zachita ku chinenerocho. Kulemberana mameseji ndi umboni wakuti achinyamata masiku ano “akuwonjezera zinenero zambiri”.

Pofotokoza izi ngati "lankhulidwe la zala" -chinachake chosiyana kwambiri ndi zolemba zovomerezeka - McWhorter akunena kuti zomwe tikuwona kudzera mu chodabwitsachi ndi "zovuta" zachingerezi. Mtsutsowu umayika Chingerezi chosavuta (chomwe kutumizirana mameseji kungatanthauzidwe mosavuta) ngati chotsutsana ndi kutsika. M’malo mwake, ndiko kulemeretsa.

Kwa McWhorter, chilankhulo cholemberana mameseji chimayimira chilankhulo chatsopano chokhala ndi mawonekedwe atsopano. Kodi izi sizomwe tikuchitira umboninso ndi Chingelezi Chosavuta? Chomwe McWhorter akuwonetsa kwambiri ndikuti pali mbali yopitilira imodzi ya moyo wamakono yomwe ikusintha chilankhulo cha Chingerezi, koma mphamvu yake ikhoza kukhala chinthu chabwino. Amapita mpaka kutcha kulemberana mameseji "chozizwitsa chachilankhulo".

McWhorter si yekhayo amene amawona kusinthaku moyenera. Kubwerera ku lingaliro la chiyankhulo chapadziko lonse lapansi kapena chapadziko lonse lapansi, The Economist akunena kuti ngakhale kuti chinenero chikhoza kukhala chophweka chifukwa chikufalikira, "chimafalikira chifukwa chimamveka komanso chothandiza".

Zotsatira Zapadziko Lonse Za Tsogolo Lachingerezi

Woyambitsa mkonzi wa The Futurist magazini analemba mu 2011 kuti lingaliro la chinenero chimodzi chapadziko lonse lapansi ndi lalikulu kwambiri lomwe lili ndi mwayi wodabwitsa wa maubwenzi amalonda, koma zoona zake n'zakuti mtengo wa maphunziro oyambirira ungakhale wopanda nzeru. Komabe, sizikuwoneka ngati zosatheka kuti kusintha kwa chilankhulo cha Chingerezi kungathandize kupita patsogolo kwachilengedwe ku chilankhulo chimodzi chovomerezeka. Ndipo mwina chingakhale Chingelezi chimene sitidzachizindikiranso m’zaka zambiri zikubwerazi. Mwina lingaliro la George Orwell la Nkhani ali m'chizimezime.

Koma lingaliro lakuti chinenero chimodzi chokha chidzalankhulidwa sikutanthauza njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu omwe si amwenye amasinthira ku Chingerezi. Mwachitsanzo, European Court of Auditors yafika mpaka kufalitsa a kalozera kuthana ndi zovuta za EU-isms pankhani yolankhula Chingerezi. Bukuli lili ndi kachigawo kakang’ono koyambirira kakuti “Kodi Zimafunika?” amene analemba kuti:

European Institutions ikufunikanso kuyankhulana ndi mayiko akunja ndipo zolemba zathu ziyenera kumasuliridwa - ntchito zonse zomwe sizimayendetsedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osadziwika kwa anthu omwe amalankhula ndipo mwina samawoneka m'madikishonale kapena amasonyezedwa kwa iwo. matanthauzo osiyanasiyana.

Poyankha bukhuli, The Economist anazindikira kuti kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa kwa chinenero kumene kukugwiritsidwabe ntchito ndipo kumamvedwabe panthaŵi yowonjezereka sikulinso kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa, koma chinenero chatsopano.

As The Economist ananena kuti, “zinenero sizimatsika kwenikweni”, koma zimasintha. Mosakayikira Chingelezi chikusintha, ndipo pazifukwa zingapo zomveka tingakhale bwino kuchilandira m’malo molimbana nacho.