Katemera: Anzanu Kapena Adani?

Katemera: Anzanu Kapena Adani?
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Katemera: Anzanu Kapena Adani?

    • Name Author
      Andrew N. McLean
    • Wolemba Twitter Handle
      @Drew_McLean

    Nkhani yonse (GWIRITSANI NTCHITO batani la 'Paste From Word' kuti kukopera ndi kumata mawu kuchokera mu Word doc)

    Malingana ndi Center for Disease Control, katemera ndi mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu kuti chitetezeke ku matenda enaake, ndipo pamapeto pake amateteza munthuyo ku matendawo. Katemera amatchulidwa kuti ndi amene apulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, koma kodi angathenso kuvulaza anthu amene amawalandira?

    Dzifunseni nokha: Kodi mumamva kukhala otetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito katemera? Kodi katemera ali ndi phindu ku thanzi la munthu, kapena choletsa? Ngati pali zoopsa zomwe zingabwere ndi katemera, kodi mungamupatse mwana wanu? Poganizira thanzi la anthu athu, kodi boma liyenera kulamula katemera?

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) imalimbikitsa kupeza Mlingo 28 wa katemera 10, kwa ana azaka zapakati pa 0 mpaka XNUMX, koma kuchuluka kwa katemera. chofunika ndi mwana zimatengera dziko limene anati mwana amakhala. Montana imafuna katemera katatu, pamene Connecticut amafunikira kwambiri, 10. M'madera ambiri, kholo lingapeŵe katemera mwana wawo ponena kuti ndizotsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo kapena zafilosofi. Komabe, mpaka 30th ya July, 2015, m’chigawo cha California, chosankha chimenecho sichilinso cha makolo – ndi cha boma.

    M'chilimwe cha 2015, bwanamkubwa waku California adavomereza Senate Bill (SB) 277 - bili yaumoyo wa anthu yomwe imati pakutsegulira kwake:

    "Lamulo lomwe lilipo limaletsa olamulira a sukulu kapena bungwe lina kuvomereza munthu aliyense ngati wophunzira wa pulayimale kapena sekondale, malo osamalira ana, nazale, nazale, nyumba yosamalira mabanja, kapena malo otukuka, pokhapokha asanalowe m’chipatalacho anali atalandira katemera wokwanira ku matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chikuku, ntchofu, ndi chiphuphu, malinga ndi msinkhu uliwonse.”

    Malinga ndi CDC, chifukwa chomwe mwana wanu ayenera kulandira katemera ndikumuteteza ku matenda osiyanasiyana omwe ana amatha kutenga. Matendawa ndi monga diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae (Hib), poliyo, ndi matenda a pneumococcal, ndipo nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi katemera wa DTaP kapena MMR. Komabe, katemera samavomerezedwa kwa ana okha, komanso kwa akuluakulu ndi akatswiri azaumoyo.

    Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) kuti aone lingaliro la kusankha pakati pa kulandira katemera wa chimfine pachaka, kapena kukakamizidwa kuvala chigoba ngati ntchito. Kafukufukuyu, yemwe cholinga chake chinali kuyang'ana kwambiri momwe anthu amaonera pa intaneti pa chisankhochi, adapeza kuti pafupifupi theka la omwe adatenga nawo gawo adatsutsa.

    "Pafupifupi theka (48%) a ndemanga adawonetsa malingaliro olakwika pa katemera wa chimfine, 28% anali abwino, 20% anali osalowerera ndale, ndipo 4% adawonetsa malingaliro osakanikirana. Ndemanga za 1163 zopangidwa ndi ndemanga za 648 zomwe zikuyankha nkhani za 36 zinafufuzidwa. Mitu yodziwika bwino zinaphatikizapo nkhawa za ufulu wosankha, kugwira ntchito kwa katemera, chitetezo cha odwala, komanso kusakhulupirira boma, thanzi la anthu, ndi makampani opanga mankhwala. "

    Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti akatswiri ambiri azachipatala sakugwirizana ndi katemera, chifukwa chosakhulupirira. Ena sakhulupirira kuti mankhwalawa sangagwire ntchito ndipo ena sakhulupirira amene akugwiritsa ntchito katemerayu, ponena kuti ufulu wosankha uyenera kupondereza cholinga cha boma choika china chake m’thupi.

    Zikatere, ngati katswiri wazachipatala salandira katemera kapena savala chigoba, ntchito yawo imatha kuthetsedwa chifukwa chosamvera. Mantha omwe akukula pakati pa ambiri ndi okhudzana ndi SB 277, komanso kuti mwina sitingakhalenso ndi ufulu wosankha ngati tikufuna katemera ana athu kapena ayi.

    Komabe, n'chifukwa chiyani mukuda nkhawa kapena kuopa katemera? Iwo ali pano kuti athandize ana athu kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, sichoncho? Ili ndiye funso la madola miliyoni - lomwe layankhidwa ndi CDC, pakuwunika.

    Pali zosakaniza zambiri mu katemera wovomerezedwa zomwe zitha kuwopseza anthu, kuphatikiza formaldehyde, mercury, MSG, seramu ya ng'ombe ya ng'ombe, ndi mankhwala omwe amatha kuyaka kwambiri monga aluminium phosphate. Zosakaniza izi zitha kukopa mbendera yofiira pakati pa makolo ambiri, koma mkangano waukulu wotsutsa katemera ndi makolo masauzande ambiri omwe amanena kuti, mwana wawo atalandira katemera, awonetsa zizindikiro zazikulu za khalidwe la autistic.

    Ngakhale anthu akuuzidwa kuti akhulupirire kuti katemera ali pano kuti apindule anthu pomwe akupanga tsogolo labwino, pakhala pali zochitika m'mbuyomu pomwe katemera adayambitsa mavuto azaumoyo kwa omwe adalandira.

    Mu 1987, katemera wa MMR wotchedwa Trivivix anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupangidwa ku Canada ndi SmithKline Beecham. Katemerayu adayambitsa matenda a meningitis mwa omwe adalandira. Zotsatira zake zoyipa zidadziwika mwachangu, ndipo katemera adachotsedwa ku Canada. Komabe, m'mwezi womwewo idachotsedwa ku Ontario, Trivivix idaloledwa ku UK pansi pa dzina latsopano, Pluserix. Pluserix idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zinayi ndikuyambitsanso matenda a meningitis. Inayeneranso kuchotsedwa mu 1992 chifukwa cha kulira kwa anthu komanso kusowa chidaliro kwa opanga malamulo a katemera. M’malo mowononga katemera ameneyu amene analepheretsa thanzi la ana 1,000, Pluserix anatumizidwa ku mayiko amene akutukuka kumene monga ku Brazil, kumene anakagwiritsidwa ntchito m’gulu la anthu ambiri akatemera, kuchititsa mliri wa meningitis.

    Ngakhale katemera adavulaza ena mwa omwe adalandira m'mbuyomu, sipanakhale umboni weniweni wodziwika ndi CDC womwe umatsimikizira kugwirizana pakati pa katemera ndi autism.

    "Pazamankhwala, pakhala pali maphunziro ambiri omwe amatsimikizira kuti katemera samayambitsa autism. Vuto lomwe ndakhala ndikukhala nalo ndilokuti zikwi ndi zikwi za makolo onse akunena nkhani imodzi: 'Mwana wanga adalandira katemera, nthawi zambiri katemera wa MMR. Ndiye usiku umenewo, kapena tsiku lotsatira, unayamba ndi malungo; kenako atatuluka kutentha thupi anasiya kulankhula kapena kuyenda,’” anatero Del Bigtree, mtolankhani wa zamankhwala.

    Zomwe tikudziwa za autism ndikuti ikukula mwa ana mwachangu. M’zaka za m’ma 1970, munthu mmodzi mwa ana 1 alionse anali ndi vuto la autistic. Mu 10,000, malinga ndi CDC, imatha kupezeka mwa 2016 mwa ana 1. Amuna amatha kudwala matendawa pamlingo wa 68:3. Autism yamwamuna imatha kupezeka pamlingo wa 1 pa 1, pomwe mtsikana m'modzi mwa 42 amapezeka ndi autism. Mu 1, panali anthu 189 omwe anapezeka ndi autism ku United States.

    Autism imayambitsa zilema zambiri mwa mwana, zina mwazo zimaphatikizapo kulephera kusunga chidziwitso, khalidwe lobwerezabwereza, kusowa ubwenzi, kudzivulaza, kufuula mokweza, ndi kulephera kudziwa momwe akumvera, pakati pa zizindikiro zina. Ngati mwana wanu ali ndi makhalidwe amenewa, ndi bwino kupita kuchipatala. Pakhala pali zikwi zambiri za makolo omwe awona zina mwa zizindikirozi zikuchitika mwa mwana wawo atalandira katemera wa MMR kapena DTaP.

    "Chomwe chidakhala chosangalatsa ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa mabanja omwe akunena kuti mwana wawo ali ndi machitidwe obwerezabwereza atangolandira katemera. Mmodzi mwa makolowa amandiwonetsa zithunzi za ana awo omwe anali akukula bwino mpaka miyezi 18, ndiye kuti mwadzidzidzi, katemera, atayamba kudwala kwambiri, "anatero Doreen Granpeesheh Ph.D., woyambitsa BCBA wa Center For "Ana omwe amalankhula paliponse pafupi ndi mawu 50-100 anali atataya mawu awo onse. Ana amene anali okondana kwambiri ndi makolo awo mwadzidzidzi anadzipatula, osalabadiranso dzina lawo. Zonsezi zidachitika atangolandira katemera wa MMR. ”

    Mafunso okhudzana ndi ubale pakati pa katemera ndi autism abweretsedwa m'magulu a sayansi, komanso ndale zapamwamba kwambiri. Mu 2002, Congressman wa ku United States a Dan Burton anali ndi zokambirana zotentha pamaso pa Congress, chifukwa chosowa poyera pazotsatira zamakampani opanga mankhwala okhudzana ndi katemera. Burton anadzutsa funso lofunika kwambiri lakuti: Kodi tidzathana ndi vuto limeneli m’tsogolo?

    "Kale anali 1 mwa 10,000, ndipo tsopano ndi 1 mwa ana oposa 250 omwe akuwonongeka m'dziko lino omwe ali ndi autistic. Tsopano ana amenewo adzakula. Sadzafa ... adzakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 50, 60. Tsopano mukuganiza kuti ndani adzawasamalire? Tidzakhala tonsefe, okhometsa msonkho.Zitenga ... mathililiyoni a madola. Asiyeni makampani opanga mankhwala ndi boma lathu kuti awononge chisokonezo lero chifukwa sichichoka, "adatero Burton.

    Akuluakulu a CDC adafunsidwa za kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa katemera ndi autism, ndipo ena avomereza kuti angathe kulandira khalidwe la autistic chifukwa cha katemera wa MMR kapena DTaP:

    "Tsopano, tonse tikudziwa kuti katemera amatha kuyambitsa malungo mwa ana. Ndiye ngati mwana adalandira katemera, ali ndi malungo, ali ndi zovuta zina kuchokera ku katemera, ndipo ngati muli ndi matenda a mitochondrial, akhoza kuyambitsa kuwonongeka. Zina mwazizindikiro zimatha kukhala zizindikiro zomwe zimakhala ndi autism, "adatero mkulu wakale wa CDC, Julie Gerberding MD, pafunso la CNN. 

    Gerberding si yekhayo wogwira ntchito ku CDC kuti alankhule za kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa katemera ndi autism. William W. Thompson, mwamuna yemwe wakula kukhala wamtundu wina pambuyo pa kukhala wofotokozera nkhani za CDC, waululanso zinsinsi zokhudzana ndi zomwe asayansi apeza pankhani ya katemera. Thompson, Senior Scientist and Epidemiologist ku CDC, adalemba ganyu loya mu Okutobala 2002 pomwe adapeza kuti zomwe zidasindikizidwa kuchokera ku CDC zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha katemera sizinali zoona. Mu Ogasiti wa 2014, Thompson adalengeza poyera mawu awa:

    “Dzina langa ndine William Thompson. Ndine Senior Scientist wa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, komwe ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito kuyambira 1998. Ndikumva chisoni kuti ine ndi anzanga omwe adandithandizira tinasiya chidziwitso chofunikira m'nkhani yathu ya 2004 yomwe idasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Pediatrics. Zomwe zinasiyidwa zikuwonetsa kuti amuna aku Africa aku America omwe adalandira katemera wa MMR asanakwanitse miyezi 36 anali pachiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha autism. Zosankha zidapangidwa pazafukufuku zomwe zikuyenera kuperekedwa pambuyo poti data yasonkhanitsidwa, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti njira yomaliza yophunzirira sinatsatidwe. ”

    Thompson anapeza kuti amuna a ku America omwe adalandira katemera asanakwanitse zaka zitatu anali ndi mwayi wochuluka wa 340% kuti alandire khalidwe la autistic. Ngakhale chiwopsezo ndi chachikulu mwa Afirika Achimereka, chiopsezo cha autism chimakwera kwambiri kwa mwana aliyense yemwe akulandira katemera asanakwanitse zaka 3.

    “O Mulungu wanga, sindingakhulupirire kuti tinachita zimene tinachita, koma tinachita,” Thompson anauza mtolankhani ponena za kuvomereza kwake. Ndimachita manyazi kwambiri tsopano ndikakumana ndi mabanja a ana omwe ali ndi autism chifukwa ndakhala nawo pavutoli. "