Feteleza wamba: Kuyamwa mpweya m’nthaka

• Author:
• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• September 13, 2022

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Feteleza wachilengedwe, wopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga zomera ndi nyama, amapereka njira yokhazikika yosinthira feteleza wamankhwala, kukonza thanzi lanthaka komanso kuchepetsa kusintha kwanyengo. Amagwira ntchito mwa kukulitsa kamangidwe ka dothi, kulimbikitsa tizilombo topindulitsa, ndi kutulutsa zakudya pang'onopang'ono, koma kupanga kwawo kungakhale kokwera mtengo komanso kuwononga nthawi. Kupitilira ulimi, feteleza wachilengedwe amakhudzanso madera osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo paulimi mpaka kusintha kwa mfundo zaboma komanso zomwe amakonda pazakudya zokhazikika.

Mulingo wa feteleza wa organic

Feteleza wachilengedwe (OFs) amagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zobwezerezedwanso, amawonjezera mpweya wa nthaka, ndikuthandizira kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Manyowa opangidwa ndi organic amapangidwa kuchokera ku zomera ndi zinyama (mwachitsanzo, kompositi, mphutsi za nthaka, ndi manyowa), pamene feteleza opangidwa ndi mankhwala amapangidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi, monga ammonium, phosphates, ndi ma chloride. 

Manyowa achilengedwe amawonjezera zinthu zina m'nthaka kuti apititse patsogolo kapangidwe kake ndikusunga madzi, zomwe zimathandizira kukula kwa tizilombo tothandiza komanso nyongolotsi. Manyowawa amatulutsa zakudya pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuthira feteleza ndi madzi ochulukirapo (pamene nthaka singathenso kuyamwa madzi ochulukirapo).

Pali mitundu itatu yodziwika bwino ya ma OF, kuphatikiza: 

• Manyowa achilengedwe, opangidwa kuchokera ku zamoyo monga nyama ndi zomera,
• Organo-mineral, imaphatikiza fetereza imodzi yosawerengeka yokhala ndi ma organic awiri, ndi
• Organic nthaka zowonjezera, ndi feteleza amene cholinga chake organic zili mu nthaka. 

European Consortium of the Organic-based Fertilizer Industry idawonetsa kuti OFs imathandizira mizati itatu ya njira yakukulira ya European Commission, kuphatikiza:

1. Kukula kwanzeru - kumalimbikitsa mayankho ozikidwa pa kafukufuku komanso opangidwa mwaluso pazaulimi. 
2. Kukula kokhazikika - kumathandizira kuti pakhale chuma chochepa cha carbon. 
3. Kukula kophatikizana - kumawonetsetsa kuti yankholi likupezeka kumadera akumidzi ndi akumidzi.

Zosokoneza

Njira imodzi yomwe ma OF angachepetsere kusintha kwa nyengo ndikutenga mpweya wa carbon (kapena kutenga mpweya). Mpweya wa kaboni m'nthaka umakhazikika kudzera munjira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala (monga mineralization), zomwe zimapangitsa kuyamwa kwa kaboni kwanthawi yayitali (kupitilira zaka khumi). Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti ma OF ambiri amatha kuchulukitsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, makamaka nitrous oxide (N2O).

Mtundu wa mpweya wowonjezera kutenthawu ndi woopsa kwambiri kuposa mpweya woipa ndipo ukhoza kutulutsidwa kudzera muzochita zam'nthaka (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa m'minda). Komabe, kafukufuku wina akuti, nthawi zambiri, pamakhala mpweya wochepa wowonjezera kutentha m'nthaka ndi ma OF kuposa feteleza wamankhwala. Kutulutsa kwa N2O kumadalira kwambiri momwe nthaka ilili ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuzitsatira.

Kupatulapo mpweya womwe ungakhalepo wa N2O, kuipa kwa ma OF ndikuti amatha kutenga nthawi yayitali kuti apange zotsatira kuposa feteleza wamankhwala chifukwa cha biochemical njira zomwe zimayenera kuchitika pakapita nthawi. Zitha kukhalanso zovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa fetereza komwe kumafunikira, chifukwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimafunikira michere yosiyanasiyana. Choncho, pakhoza kukhala zoyesera zosakaniza ndi kufananitsa magulu a zomera ndi feteleza woyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, ma OF amatha kukhala okwera mtengo kuposa mankhwala chifukwa zimatenga nthawi yayitali kupanga feteleza wachilengedwe.  

Zotsatira za feteleza organic

Zotsatira zambiri za OFs zitha kukhala: 

• Kuphatikizira ukadaulo wa drone ndi feteleza wachilengedwe paulimi kumakulitsa zokolola, kumathandizira kupanga zakudya zambiri komanso kuchepetsa vuto la njala.
• Maboma omwe amapereka zolimbikitsa kuti feteleza atengeredwe muulimi amathandizira kuti thanzi la anthu likhale labwino komanso kuti malo azikhala aukhondo.
• Alimi omwe akukumana ndi kukakamizidwa kuti achepetse kudalira feteleza wamankhwala atha kubweretsa kusintha kwa njira zaulimi ndikusokoneza chuma cha opanga feteleza.
• Makampani a feteleza a Chemical omwe akukulirakulira kupanga feteleza wachilengedwe, kwinaku akusunga mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala, amasinthasintha zomwe amapereka ndikusintha zomwe msika ukufunikira.
• Kupezeka kwa zinthu zatsopano zazakudya zomwe zikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe m'mapaketi awo kumathandizira kuzindikira komanso kukonda zokolola zomwe zimabzalidwa bwino.
• Njira zowonjezeretsa zaulimi wa organic zitha kubweretsa mwayi watsopano wantchito m'magawo onse aukadaulo, monga ntchito zama drone, ndi ulimi wamba.
• Kusintha kwa feteleza wa organic kusinthiratu kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka, mwinanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe chaulimi.
• Kukwera kwa mtengo wosinthira kukhala njira zaulimi wa organic poyambilira kumalemetsa alimi ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zidakhudza momwe gawo lazachuma likuyendera.
• Kugogomezera kukula kwa ulimi wa organic kulimbikitsa maphunziro ndi ndalama zofufuzira, kutsindika za ulimi wokhazikika.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Ndi zovuta zina zotani zomwe zingachitike posinthira feteleza wachilengedwe?
• Ngati alimi asintha n'kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi zinthu zina, alimi angalepheretse bwanji tizirombo kuti tisadye mbewu zawo?