Miliri ya mawa ndi mankhwala apamwamba omwe adapangidwa kuti athane nawo: Tsogolo la Zaumoyo P2

Chaka chilichonse, anthu a 50,000 amamwalira ku US, 700,000 padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa cha matenda ooneka ngati osavuta omwe alibe mankhwala othana nawo. Choyipa kwambiri, kafukufuku waposachedwa wa World Health Organisation (WHO) adapeza kuti kukana kwa maantibayotiki kukufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe kukonzekera kwathu miliri yamtsogolo monga 2014-15 Eloba scare kunapezeka kuti sikukwanira mokwanira. Ndipo pamene chiŵerengero cha matenda olembedwa chikukula, chiŵerengero cha machiritso ongopezedwa kumene chikucheperachepera zaka khumi zilizonse.

Ili ndi dziko lomwe makampani athu azamankhwala akulimbana nazo.

Kunena zowona, thanzi lanu lonse lero liri bwino kwambiri kuposa momwe likanakhalira zaka 100 zapitazo. Kalelo, anthu anali kukhala ndi moyo zaka 48 zokha. Masiku ano, anthu ambiri amatha kuyembekezera kuti tsiku lina azimitsa makandulo pa keke yawo yakubadwa kwa 80.

Chinthu chachikulu chimene chinathandizira kwambiri kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kwa nthaŵi ya moyo imeneyi chinali kupezeka kwa mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, yoyamba inali Penicillin mu 1943. Mankhwalawo asanapezeke, moyo unali wosalimba kwambiri.

Matenda ofala monga strep throat kapena chibayo anali oika moyo pachiswe. Maopaleshoni wamba omwe timawaona ngati mopepuka masiku ano, monga kuyika makina opangira pacemaker kapena kusintha mawondo ndi m'chiuno kwa okalamba, akanatha kupha munthu mmodzi mwa asanu ndi mmodzi. Kukwapula kwachitsamba chaminga kapena chibowo cha ngozi yapantchito kukanakuyikani pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda oopsa, kudula chiwalo, ndipo nthawi zina imfa.

ndipo malinga ku WHO, ili ndi dziko lomwe tingathe kubwererako—nthawi ya pambuyo pa mankhwala opha maantibayotiki.

Kukana kwa maantibayotiki kukhala chiwopsezo chapadziko lonse lapansi

Mwachidule, mankhwala opha maantibayotiki ndi kamolekyu kakang'ono kamene kamapangidwa kuti kawononge mabakiteriya omwe akufuna. Kupaka ndikuti pakapita nthawi, mabakiteriya amapanga kukana kwa maantibayotiki mpaka pomwe sagwiranso ntchito. Izi zimakakamiza Big Pharma kuti azigwira ntchito nthawi zonse popanga maantibayotiki atsopano kuti alowe m'malo omwe mabakiteriya amasamva. Ganizirani izi:

• Penicillin anapangidwa mu 1943, ndipo kukana kwake kunayamba mu 1945;

• Vancomycin anapangidwa mu 1972, kukana izo kunayamba mu 1988;

• Imipenem inakhazikitsidwa mu 1985, kukana izo kunayamba mu 1998;

• Daptomycin idapangidwa mu 2003, kukana kwake kudayamba mu 2004.

Masewera amphaka ndi mbewa awa akuthamanga mwachangu kuposa momwe Big Pharma angakwanitse kukhala patsogolo pake. Zimatenga zaka khumi ndi mabiliyoni a madola kupanga gulu latsopano la maantibayotiki. Mabakiteriya amabala m'badwo watsopano mphindi 20 zilizonse, akukula, akusintha, akusintha mpaka m'badwo umodzi utapeza njira yogonjetsera maantibayotiki. Zafika pomwe sizikupindulitsanso kuti Big Pharma agwiritse ntchito maantibayotiki atsopano, chifukwa amachoka mwachangu.

Koma n’chifukwa chiyani mabakiteriya akugonjetsa maantibayotiki mofulumira lerolino kuposa kale? Zifukwa zingapo:

• Ambiri aife timagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mopitirira muyeso m'malo mongolimbana ndi matenda mwachibadwa. Izi zimawonetsa mabakiteriya m'matupi athu ku maantibayotiki nthawi zambiri, kuwalola kukhala ndi mwayi wopanga kukana kwawo.

• Timapopa ziweto zathu zodzaza ndi maantibayotiki, motero timalowetsa maantibayotiki ambiri m'dongosolo lanu kudzera muzakudya zathu.

• Monga ma baluni athu a kuchuluka kwa anthu kuyambira mabiliyoni asanu ndi awiri lero kufika mabiliyoni asanu ndi anayi pofika chaka cha 2040, mabakiteriya adzakhala ndi anthu ochulukirapo kuti azikhalamo ndikusintha.

• Dziko lathu lapansi ndi lolumikizidwa kwambiri kudzera mumayendedwe amakono kotero kuti mitundu yatsopano ya mabakiteriya osamva maantibayotiki imatha kufika padziko lonse lapansi pakatha chaka.

Chinthu chokhacho chasiliva chomwe chilipo pakalipano ndikuti 2015 idayambitsidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amatchedwa, Teixobactin. Imalimbana ndi mabakiteriya m'njira yachilendo yomwe asayansi akuyembekeza kuti itipangitsa kuti tisadzavutike mpaka zaka khumi, kapena kupitilira apo.

Koma kukana kwa mabakiteriya singozi yokhayo yomwe Big Pharma ikutsata.

Biosurveillance

Ngati mutayang'ana chithunzi chokonzekera chiwerengero cha imfa zosabadwa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pakati pa 1900 mpaka lero, mungayembekezere kuwona zingwe zazikulu ziwiri kuzungulira 1914 ndi 1945: Nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse. Komabe, mungadabwe kupeza hump yachitatu pakati pa awiriwa kuzungulira 1918-9. Ichi chinali Spanish Fuluwenza ndipo idapha anthu opitilira 65 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi, 20 miliyoni kuposa WWI.

Kupatula zovuta zachilengedwe komanso nkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi, miliri ndizochitika zokhazokha zomwe zimatha kupha anthu opitilira 10 miliyoni mchaka chimodzi.

Fuluwenza ya ku Spain inali mliri wathu womaliza, koma m'zaka zaposachedwa, miliri yaying'ono ngati SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009), ndi mliri wa Ebola wa 2014-5 West Africa watikumbutsa kuti chiwopsezo chidakalipo. Koma zomwe mliri waposachedwa wa Ebola udawululanso ndikuti kuthekera kwathu kukhala ndi miliriyi kumasiya kukhala kofunikira.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake olimbikitsa, monga otchuka, a Bill Gates, tsopano akugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma padziko lonse lapansi kuti apange network yapadziko lonse lapansi yowunikira anthu kuti azitsata bwino, kulosera, ndikuyembekeza kuletsa miliri yamtsogolo. Dongosololi lidzatsata malipoti azaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi pamlingo wadziko lonse, ndipo, pofika chaka cha 2025, munthu aliyense payekhapayekha, popeza kuchuluka kwa anthu kumayamba kutsatira thanzi lawo pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu amphamvu ndi zovala.

Komabe, ngakhale izi zenizeni zenizeni zilola mabungwe, monga WHO, kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu pakabuka, sizitanthauza kalikonse ngati sitingathe kupanga katemera watsopano mwachangu kuti aletse miliriyi m'njira zawo.

Kugwira ntchito mu quicksand kupanga mankhwala atsopano

Makampani opanga mankhwala awona kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwaukadaulo komwe kulipo tsopano. Kaya ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa mtengo wakusintha ma genome aumunthu kuchokera pa $ 100 miliyoni mpaka pansi pa $ 1,000 lero, mpaka pakutha kusanthula ndikuzindikira momwe ma cell amapangidwira, mungaganize kuti Big Pharma ili ndi zonse zomwe imafunikira kuchiza matenda aliwonse. m'buku.

Ayi, sichoncho.

Masiku ano, takhala tikutha kudziwa mmene mamolekyu amapangidwira matenda pafupifupi 4,000, ndipo zambiri mwa zimene zasonkhanitsidwa zaka khumi zapitazi. Koma mwa 4,000 amenewo, ndi angati omwe tili ndi chithandizo chamankhwala? Pafupifupi 250. Chifukwa chiyani kusiyana kumeneku kuli kwakukulu? Chifukwa chiyani sitikuchiritsa matenda ambiri?

Ngakhale makampani aukadaulo akukula pansi pa Lamulo la Moore - kuwona kuti kuchuluka kwa ma transistors pa mainchesi sikweya pamabwalo ophatikizika kudzawirikiza kawiri pachaka-makampani opanga mankhwala amavutika ndi Lamulo la Eroom ('Moore' lolembedwa m'mbuyo) -kuwona kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ovomerezeka mabiliyoni m'madola a R&D theka lazaka zisanu ndi zinayi zilizonse, zosinthidwa chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo.

Palibe munthu m'modzi kapena njira yomwe ingatiyimbire mlandu pakutsika kopunduka kwa kupanga mankhwala. Ena amadzudzula momwe mankhwala amalandilidwira ndalama, ena amadzudzula njira yopunthwitsa kwambiri, kukwera mtengo kwa kuyezetsa, zaka zofunika kuti avomerezedwe ndi malamulo—zifukwa zonsezi zimathandizira panjira yoswekayi.

Mwamwayi, pali zinthu zina zomwe zimalonjeza kuti palimodzi zitha kuthandiza Eroom kutsika kokhotakhota.

Zambiri zachipatala pa zotsika mtengo

Mchitidwe woyamba ndi womwe takhudza kale: mtengo wosonkhanitsa ndi kukonza deta yachipatala. Ndalama zonse zoyesa ma genome agwa kupitirira 1,000 peresenti kufika pansi pa $1,000. Ndipo pamene anthu ambiri ayamba kutsatira thanzi lawo kudzera mu mapulogalamu apadera ndi zovala, kutha kusonkhanitsa deta pamlingo waukulu kudzatha (mfundo yomwe tikhudza pansipa).

Kufikira kwa demokalase kuukadaulo wazaumoyo wapamwamba

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa kutsika kwa mtengo wokonza deta yachipatala ndi kutsika kwa mtengo wa teknoloji yomwe ikuchita pokonza. Kuyika pambali zinthu zodziwikiratu, monga kutsika kwa mtengo ndi mwayi wopeza makompyuta apamwamba omwe amatha kusokoneza ma data akuluakulu, ma laboratories ang'onoang'ono ofufuza zachipatala tsopano akutha kugula zipangizo zopangira mankhwala zomwe zinkawononga mamiliyoni ambiri.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapindula kwambiri ndi makina osindikiza a 3D (mwachitsanzo. chimodzi ndi awiri) zomwe zidzalola ochita kafukufuku azachipatala kusonkhanitsa mamolekyu ovuta kufika pamapiritsi oti amwe omwe angawapangire wodwala. Pofika chaka cha 2025, lusoli lidzalola magulu ofufuza ndi zipatala kuti asindikize mankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe amalembedwa m'nyumba, popanda kudalira ogulitsa kunja. Osindikiza amtsogolo a 3D pamapeto pake adzasindikiza zida zapamwamba kwambiri zachipatala, komanso zida zosavuta zopangira maopaleshoni zomwe zimafunikira pakugwirira ntchito kosabala.

Kuyeza mankhwala atsopano

Zina mwazinthu zotsika mtengo komanso zowononga nthawi kwambiri popanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi gawo loyesera. Mankhwala atsopano amayenera kupereka zoyeserera zamakompyuta, kenako kuyesa kwa nyama, kenako kuyesa anthu ochepa, kenako kuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo asanavomerezedwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu wamba. Mwamwayi, palinso zatsopano zomwe zikuchitika panthawiyi.

Chachikulu mwa izo ndi luso lomwe tingathe kufotokoza momveka bwino ziwalo za thupi pa chip. M'malo mwa silicon ndi mabwalo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti timakhala ndi madzi enieni, organic ndi maselo amoyo omwe amapangidwa m'njira yotengera chiwalo chamunthu. Mankhwala oyesera amatha kubayidwa mu tchipisi kuti awulule momwe mankhwalawa angakhudzire matupi enieni amunthu. Izi zimadutsa kufunikira koyesa nyama, zimapereka chifaniziro cholondola kwambiri cha zotsatira za mankhwalawa pa thupi laumunthu, ndipo zimalola ochita kafukufuku kuyesa mazana mpaka masauzande a mayesero, pogwiritsa ntchito mazana mpaka masauzande a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ndi mlingo, pa mazana mpaka masauzande a tchipisi izi, potero kufulumizitsa magawo a kuyezetsa mankhwala kwambiri.

Ndiye zikafika pamayesero aumunthu, zoyambira ngati myTomorrows, idzagwirizanitsa bwino odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osachiritsika ndi mankhwala atsopano, oyesera. Izi zimathandiza anthu omwe atsala pang'ono kufa kuti azitha kupeza mankhwala omwe angawapulumutse pamene akupereka Big Pharma ndi maphunziro omwe (ngati atachiritsidwa) angafulumizitse ndondomeko yovomerezeka kuti mankhwalawa agulitsidwe.

Tsogolo la chithandizo chamankhwala silimapangidwa mochuluka

Zomwe tafotokozazi pakukula kwa maantibayotiki, kukonzekera miliri, ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala zikuchitika kale ndipo ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa bwino pofika 2020-2022. Komabe, zatsopano zomwe tiwona m'nkhani zotsala za Tsogolo la Zaumoyo ziwulula momwe tsogolo lenileni lachipatala siliri pakupanga mankhwala opulumutsa moyo kwa anthu ambiri, koma kwa munthu payekha.

Tsogolo la thanzi

Zaumoyo Zayandikira Kusintha: Tsogolo Laumoyo P1

Precision Healthcare Imalowa mu Genome: Tsogolo la Thanzi P3

Mapeto a Zovulala Zosatha Zathupi ndi Zolemala: Tsogolo la Thanzi P4

Kumvetsetsa Ubongo Kuchotsa Matenda a M'maganizo: Tsogolo la Thanzi P5

Kukumana ndi Mawa's Healthcare System: Tsogolo la Thanzi P6

Udindo Paumoyo Wanu Wotsimikizika: Tsogolo Laumoyo P7