Zida zowerengera malingaliro kuti athetse zikhulupiriro zolakwika: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P2

ZITHUNZI CREDIT: Quantumrun

Zida zowerengera malingaliro kuti athetse zikhulupiriro zolakwika: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P2

    Zotsatirazi ndi zojambulira za apolisi akufunsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wowerengera (kuyambira 00:25):

     

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    Nkhani yomwe ili pamwambapa ikufotokoza zamtsogolo momwe sayansi ya ubongo imapambana pakukwaniritsa ukadaulo wowerengera malingaliro. Monga momwe mungaganizire, teknolojiyi idzakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe chathu, makamaka muzochita zathu ndi makompyuta, wina ndi mzake (digito-telepathy) komanso ndi dziko lonse lapansi (zolinga zamagulu ochezera a pa Intaneti). Idzakhalanso ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu bizinesi ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Koma mwina zotsatira zake zazikulu zidzakhala pazamalamulo athu.

    Tisanalowe m'dziko latsopano lolimba mtima ili, tiyeni tiwone mwachidule za kale komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito kaukadaulo kakuwerenga malingaliro pamalamulo athu. 

    Polygraphs, chinyengo chomwe chinapusitsa dongosolo lazamalamulo

    Lingaliro la chinthu chopangidwa chomwe chimatha kuwerenga malingaliro chinayambitsidwa koyamba m'ma 1920. Chopangidwacho chinali polygraph, makina opangidwa ndi Leonard Keeler omwe adanena kuti amatha kuzindikira pamene munthu akunama poyesa kusinthasintha kwa kupuma kwa munthu, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi kutuluka kwa thukuta. Monga Keeler angachitire tsimikizira m'bwalo lamilandu, zomwe adapangazo zinali kupambana kwaupandu wasayansi.

    Asayansi ambiri, panthawiyi, anali okayikira. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zingakhudze kupuma kwanu ndi kugunda; chifukwa chakuti ndinu wamanjenje sizikutanthauza kuti mukunama. 

    Chifukwa cha kukayikira uku, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa polygraph mkati mwazovomerezeka kumakhalabe mkangano. Makamaka, Khoti Loona za Apilo ku District of Columbia (US) lidapanga a muyezo walamulo mu 1923 kunena kuti kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kulikonse kwa umboni watsopano wa sayansi kuyenera kuti kunavomerezedwa ndi anthu onse m’gawo lake la sayansi asanavomerezedwe kukhoti. Mulingo uwu pambuyo pake unathetsedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Rule 702 mu Federal Malamulo a Umboni zomwe zinati kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu uliwonse wa umboni (polygraphs kuphatikizidwa) kunali kovomerezeka malinga ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kunachirikizidwa ndi umboni wodalirika wa akatswiri. 

    Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, polygraph yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamilandu ingapo yamilandu, komanso kukhazikika m'masewero otchuka apawa a TV. Ndipo pamene adani ake apambana pang'onopang'ono polimbikitsa kutha kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake (kapena nkhanza), pali zosiyana. kafukufuku zomwe zikupitiriza kusonyeza momwe anthu ogwirizanirana ndi bodza detector amatha kuvomereza kuposa zina.

    Kuzindikira bodza 2.0, fMRI

    Ngakhale lonjezano la ma polygraphs latha kwa asing'anga akuluakulu, sizitanthauza kuti kufunikira kwa makina ozindikira zabodza kwatha. Zosiyana kwambiri. Kupita patsogolo kochulukira mu neuroscience, kuphatikiza ma aligorivimu apakompyuta, oyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta okwera mtengo kwambiri akupita patsogolo modabwitsa pakufuna kuwona bodza mwasayansi.

    Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wofufuza, pomwe anthu adafunsidwa kuti anene zowona ndi zachinyengo pamene akuyesedwa kuchokera ku MRI (fMRI), adapeza kuti ubongo wa anthu umapanga zochitika zambiri zamaganizo pamene akunena bodza kusiyana ndi kunena zoona-zindikirani kuti izi. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zaubongo kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kupuma kwa munthu, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi kuyambitsa kwa gland ya thukuta, zolembera zosavuta zomwe ma polygraphs amadalira. 

    Ngakhale zili kutali ndi zopanda pake, zotsatira zoyambirira izi zikutsogolera ofufuza kunena kuti kunena bodza, munthu amayenera kuganiza za chowonadi ndiyeno amawononga mphamvu zochulukirapo ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito m'nkhani ina, mosiyana ndi gawo limodzi la kungonena zoona. . Zochita zowonjezerazi zimawongolera kuthamanga kwa magazi kudera lakutsogolo laubongo lomwe limapanga nkhani, gawo lomwe siligwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri polankhula zowona, ndipo ndikutuluka kwamagazi komwe ma fMRIs amatha kuzindikira.

    Njira ina yodziwira bodza ndiyo mapulogalamu ozindikira zabodza yomwe imasanthula vidiyo ya munthu akulankhula ndiyeno imayesa kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu ake, mawonekedwe a nkhope ndi thupi kuti adziwe ngati munthuyo akunena bodza. Zotsatira zoyambirira zidapeza kuti pulogalamuyo inali yolondola 75 peresenti pozindikira chinyengo poyerekeza ndi anthu pa 50 peresenti.

    Ndipo komabe ngakhale zochititsa chidwi monga momwe izi zikuyendera, zimakhala zowoneka bwino poyerekeza ndi zomwe kumapeto kwa 2030s zidzayambitsa. 

    Kutanthauzira maganizo aumunthu

    Choyamba tinakambirana m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo Lamakompyuta mndandanda, luso losintha masewera likubwera mkati mwa gawo la bioelectronics: limatchedwa Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). Ukatswiri umenewu umaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito implant kapena chipangizo choyang'ana ubongo kuti uyang'anire mafunde anu a ubongo ndi kuwagwirizanitsa ndi malamulo olamulira chirichonse chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi kompyuta.

    M'malo mwake, mwina simunazindikire, koma masiku oyambilira a BCI ayamba kale. Anthu odulidwa ziwalo tsopano kuyesa miyendo ya robotic kulamuliridwa mwachindunji ndi maganizo, m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito masensa amene amamangiriridwa ku chitsa cha mwini wake. Momwemonso, anthu olumala kwambiri (monga quadriplegics) ali pano kugwiritsa ntchito BCI kuyendetsa njinga zawo za olumala ndikuwongolera zida za robotic. Koma kuthandiza anthu odulidwa ziwalo ndi olumala kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha si kuchuluka kwa zomwe BCI ingathe kuchita. Nawu mndandanda wachidule wa zoyeserera zomwe zikuchitika:

    Kulamulira zinthu. Ochita kafukufuku awonetsa bwino momwe BCI ingalolere ogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera ntchito zapakhomo (zowunikira, makatani, kutentha), komanso zida zina ndi magalimoto. Penyani vidiyo yachiwonetsero.

    Kulamulira nyama. Labu idayesa bwino kuyesa kwa BCI komwe munthu adatha kupanga khoswe akusuntha mchira wake pogwiritsa ntchito maganizo ake okha.

    Ubongo-ku-lemba. Matimu mu US ndi Germany akupanga dongosolo lomwe limasiyanitsa mafunde aubongo (malingaliro) kukhala mawu. Kuyesera koyambirira kwakhala kopambana, ndipo akuyembekeza kuti lusoli silingangothandiza anthu wamba komanso kupereka anthu olumala kwambiri (monga katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi, Stephen Hawking) kuti athe kulankhulana ndi dziko mosavuta. M'mawu ena, ndi njira kuti munthu wamkati monolog kumveka. 

    Ubongo-ku-ubongo. Gulu lapadziko lonse la asayansi linatha kutsanzira telepathy mwa kukhala ndi munthu m'modzi wochokera ku India kuganiza mawu oti "hello," ndipo kudzera mu BCI, mawuwo adasinthidwa kuchokera ku mafunde aubongo kupita ku ma code binary, kenako adatumizidwa ku France, komwe kachidindo kameneka kanasinthidwa kukhala mafunde a ubongo, kuti azindikire . Kulankhulana kwaubongo ndi ubongo, anthu!

    Decoding kukumbukira. Odzipereka anafunsidwa kukumbukira filimu yomwe ankakonda kwambiri. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito makina a fMRI omwe amawunikidwa kudzera mu algorithm yapamwamba, ofufuza ku London adatha kulosera molondola kuti ndi filimu iti yomwe odziperekawo amaganizira. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, makinawo ankatha kulembanso manambala amene anthu odziperekawo asonyeza pa khadi komanso zilembo zimene munthuyo akufuna kulemba.

    Kujambula maloto. Ofufuza ku Berkeley, California, apita patsogolo modabwitsa kusuntha kwa ubongo kukhala zithunzi. Mitu yoyesedwa idaperekedwa ndi zithunzi zingapo pomwe idalumikizidwa ndi masensa a BCI. Zithunzi zomwezi kenako zidapangidwanso pakompyuta. Zithunzi zomwe zidamangidwanso zidali zolimba koma zitaperekedwa zaka khumi zachitukuko, umboni wamalingalirowo tsiku lina utilola kusiya kamera yathu ya GoPro kapena kujambula maloto athu. 

    Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2040, sayansi idzakhala itakwanitsa kusintha malingaliro kukhala amagetsi ndi ziro. Chimenechi chikakwaniritsidwa, kubisa maganizo anu ku lamulo kungakhale mwayi wotayika, koma kodi zidzatanthauzadi kutha kwa mabodza ndi bodza? 

    Zoseketsa za mafunso

    Zingamveke ngati zotsutsana, koma ndizotheka kunena zowona ndikukhala zolakwika. Izi zimachitika pafupipafupi ndi umboni wowona ndi maso. Amboni pazaupandu nthawi zambiri amadzaza zinthu zomwe sizikukumbukira ndi zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndizolondola koma zimakhala zabodza. Kaya zikusokoneza kapangidwe ka galimoto yothawathawa, kutalika kwa wachifwamba, kapena nthawi ya upandu, zinthu zotere zimatha kupanga kapena kuswa mlandu koma zimakhala zosavuta kuti munthu wamba asokonezeke.

    Momwemonso, apolisi akabweretsa munthu wokayikira kuti akamufunse mafunso, amakhala njira zingapo zamaganizo angagwiritse ntchito kuti ateteze kuvomereza. Komabe, ngakhale kuti njira zoterezi zatsimikizira kuwirikiza kaŵiri chiŵerengero cha oulula mlandu pamaso pa khoti kuchokera kwa zigawenga, zikuŵirikizanso katatu chiŵerengero cha anthu osalakwa amene amavomereza zabodza. Ndipotu, anthu ena akhoza kusokonezeka, kuchita mantha, kuchita mantha komanso kuchita mantha ndi apolisi komanso njira zopita patsogolo zofunsa mafunso kotero kuti adzaulula zolakwa zomwe sanachite. Izi zimachitika makamaka pochita ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wina kapena wina.

    Poganizira izi, ngakhale chowunikira cholondola kwambiri chamtsogolo sichingathe kudziwa chowonadi chonse kuchokera ku umboni wa munthu wokayikira (kapena malingaliro). Koma pali chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri kuposa luso lotha kuwerenga malingaliro, ndipo ngati zili zovomerezeka. 

    Kuvomerezeka kwa kuwerenga maganizo

    Ku US, Fifth Amendment imati "palibe munthu ... adzakakamizika pamlandu uliwonse kuti akhale mboni yodzitsutsa yekha." M’mawu ena, simuli okakamizika kunena kalikonse kwa apolisi kapena m’bwalo lamilandu limene lingadzinenere nokha. Mfundo imeneyi ikugwiridwa ndi mayiko ambiri amene amatsatira malamulo a Azungu.

    Komabe, kodi mfundo yalamulo iyi ingapitirire kukhalapo mtsogolo momwe ukadaulo wowerengera umakhala wofala? Kodi zilibe kanthu kuti muli ndi ufulu wokhala chete pamene ofufuza apolisi amtsogolo angagwiritse ntchito luso lamakono kuti awerenge maganizo anu?

    Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amakhulupirira kuti mfundo imeneyi imangogwira ntchito pa kulankhulana kwaumboni komwe kumagawikana mwamawu, kusiya maganizo m’mutu mwa munthu kukhala ulamuliro waufulu kuti boma lifufuze. Ngati kutanthauzira uku kukanakhala kosatsutsika, tikhoza kuona tsogolo lomwe akuluakulu angapeze chilolezo chofufuzira maganizo anu. 

    Tekinoloje yowerengera m'mabwalo am'tsogolo

    Poganizira zovuta zaukadaulo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwerenga malingaliro, chifukwa cha momwe ukadaulo uwu sungathe kusiyanitsa bodza ndi bodza, komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa munthu wodziimba mlandu, ndizokayikitsa kuti makina owerengera malingaliro amtsogolo atha. kuloledwa kutsutsa munthu potengera zotsatira zake.

    Komabe, poganizira kafukufuku amene akuchitika pankhaniyi, pangopita nthawi kuti ukadaulo uwu ukhale weniweni, womwe asayansi amathandizira. Izi zikachitika, ukadaulo wowerengera moganiza udzakhala chida chovomerezeka chomwe ofufuza milandu adzagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze umboni wotsimikizika womwe maloya am'tsogolo angagwiritse ntchito kuti atsimikizire kuti wina ali ndi mlandu kapena kutsimikizira kuti wina alibe mlandu.

    Mwa kuyankhula kwina, luso la kuwerenga maganizo silingaloledwe kutsutsa munthu payekha, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kungapangitse kupeza mfuti yosuta mosavuta komanso mofulumira. 

    Chithunzi chachikulu chaukadaulo wowerengera malingaliro mulamulo

    Pamapeto pa tsiku, teknoloji yowerenga malingaliro idzakhala ndi ntchito zambiri pamalamulo onse. 

    • Tekinoloje iyi idzakulitsa kwambiri chiwopsezo chopeza umboni wofunikira.
    • Zidzachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa milandu yachinyengo.
    • Kusankhidwa kwa bwalo lamilandu kungawongoleredwe pochotsa tsankho kuchokera kwa omwe asankhidwa kusankha tsogolo la woimbidwa mlandu.
    • Mofananamo, ukadaulo uwu uchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu osalakwa.
    • Zidzathandiza kuthetsa mavuto omwe akuchulukirachulukira nkhanza zapakhomo komanso mikangano yomwe imakhala yovuta kuthetsa, adatero.
    • Mabizinesi adzagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu kwambiri pothetsa mikangano pogwiritsa ntchito mikangano.
    • Milandu yamilandu yaying'ono yamilandu idzathetsedwa mwachangu.
    • Ukadaulo wowerengera woganiza ukhoza kulowa m'malo mwa umboni wa DNA ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukhudzidwa zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa kutsimikizira kusadalirika kwake komwe kukukulirakulira. 

    Pagulu la anthu, anthu ambiri akazindikira kuti ukadaulo uwu ulipo ndipo ukugwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika ndi aboma, udzalepheretsa zigawenga zambiri zisanapatsidwe. Zachidziwikire, izi zimabweretsanso vuto la kupitilira kwa Big Brother, komanso kuchepa kwa chinsinsi chaumwini, koma iyi ndi mitu yankhani zomwe zikubwera za Tsogolo Lazinsinsi. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mitu yotsatira ya mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Chilamulo ifufuza zamtsogolo zamalamulo, mwachitsanzo, maloboti omwe amatsutsa anthu pamilandu.

    Tsogolo la mndandanda wamalamulo

    Zomwe zidzasinthanso kampani yamakono yamakono: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P1

    Kuweruza kwachiwembu kwa achifwamba: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P3  

    Kuwongoleranso chiweruzo, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndi kukonzanso: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P4

    Mndandanda wamalamulo amtsogolo omwe makhothi a mawa adzaweruza: Tsogolo la malamulo P5

    Kusintha kwamtsogolo kwamtsogolo kwamtsogolo

    2023-12-26

    Zolosera zam'tsogolo

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