Kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kwanthawi yamphamvu ya kaboni | Tsogolo la Mphamvu P1
Kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kwanthawi yamphamvu ya kaboni | Tsogolo la Mphamvu P1
Mphamvu. Ndi chinthu chachikulu. Ndipo komabe, ndichinthu chomwe sitisamala kwambiri. Mofanana ndi Intaneti, mumangochita mantha mukalephera kuigwiritsa ntchito.
Koma m’chenicheni, kaya imabwera mumpangidwe wa chakudya, kutentha, magetsi, kapena unyinji uliwonse wa mitundu yake yambirimbiri, mphamvu ndiyo mphamvu yosonkhezera kukwera kwa munthu. Nthawi iliyonse anthu akadziwa mphamvu zatsopano (moto, malasha, mafuta, ndipo posachedwa dzuwa), kupita patsogolo kumathamanga komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Osandikhulupirira? Tiyeni tithamangire mwachangu m'mbiri.
Mphamvu ndi kukwera kwa anthu
Anthu oyambirira anali osaka nyama. Anapanga mphamvu zama carbohydrate zomwe amafunikira kuti apulumuke mwa kukonza njira zawo zosaka nyama, kufalikira kudera latsopano, ndipo pambuyo pake, podziwa kugwiritsa ntchito moto kuphika ndi kugaya bwino nyama yawo yomwe amasaka ndi kusonkhanitsa mbewu. Moyo umenewu unapangitsa kuti anthu oyambirira achuluke kufika pa chiŵerengero cha anthu pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Pambuyo pake, cha m'ma 7,000 BCE, anthu adaphunzira kubzala ndi kubzala mbewu zomwe zimawalola kukulitsa chakudya chambiri (mphamvu). Ndipo mwa kusunga ma<em>carbs amenewo m’zinyama (kudyetsa ng’ombe m’nyengo yachilimwe ndi kuzidya m’nyengo yachisanu), mtundu wa anthu unatha kupanga mphamvu zokwanira kuthetsa moyo wawo wosamukasamuka. Zimenezi zinawalola kusumika maganizo m’magulu okulirapo a midzi, matauni, ndi mizinda; ndikukulitsa zomangira zaukadaulo ndi chikhalidwe chogawana. Pakati pa 7,000 BCE kufika cha m'ma 1700 CE, chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chinawonjezeka kufika XNUMX biliyoni.
M'zaka za m'ma 1700, kugwiritsa ntchito malasha kunaphulika. Ku UK, a British adakakamizika kukumba malasha kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa nkhalango. Mwamwayi chifukwa cha mbiri ya dziko lapansi, malasha amawotcha kwambiri kuposa nkhuni, osati kungothandiza mayiko a kumpoto kuti azikhala m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, komanso kuwalola kuti awonjezere kwambiri zitsulo zomwe amapanga, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, amawotcha kupanga injini ya nthunzi. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chinakula kufika mabiliyoni awiri pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1700 ndi 1940.
Pomaliza, mafuta (mafuta) adachitika. Ngakhale idagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono cha m'ma 1870 ndikufalikira pakati pa 1910-20s ndi kupanga kwakukulu kwa Model T, idayamba pambuyo pa WWII. Anali mafuta abwino oyendera omwe anathandiza kukula kwa magalimoto m'nyumba ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa malonda a mayiko. Petroleum inasinthidwanso kukhala feteleza wotchipa, mankhwala ophera udzu, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo amene, mwa zina, anayambitsa Green Revolution, kuchepetsa njala padziko lonse. Asayansi anaigwiritsa ntchito poyambitsa makampani amakono opanga mankhwala, kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amachiritsa matenda ambiri oopsa. Opanga mafakitale adagwiritsa ntchito kupanga mapulasitiki atsopano ndi zovala. O eya, ndipo mutha kuwotcha mafuta amagetsi.
Pazonse, mafuta adayimira bonanza yamphamvu yotsika mtengo yomwe idathandizira anthu kukula, kumanga, ndikupereka ndalama zamakampani atsopano komanso kupita patsogolo kwachikhalidwe. Ndipo pakati pa 1940 ndi 2015, chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chakwera kufika pa XNUMX biliyoni.
Mphamvu mu nkhani
Zomwe mwangowerengazo zinali zophweka za zaka pafupifupi 10,000 za mbiri ya anthu (ndinu olandiridwa), koma mwachiyembekezo uthenga womwe ndikuyesera kufalitsa ndi womveka: nthawi zonse tikaphunzira kulamulira gwero latsopano, lotsika mtengo, komanso lochuluka kwambiri. mphamvu, umunthu umakula mwaukadaulo, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Potsatira malingaliro otere, funso liyenera kufunsidwa: Kodi chimachitika nchiyani pamene anthu aloŵa m’dziko lamtsogolo lodzala ndi pafupifupi mphamvu zaufulu, zopanda malire, ndi zaukhondo zongowonjezedwanso? Kodi dziko lidzakhala lotani? Kodi chidzasintha bwanji chuma chathu, chikhalidwe chathu, moyo wathu?
Tsogolo ili (zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zokha) ndilosapeŵeka, komanso lomwe anthu sanakumanepo nalo. Mafunso awa ndi ena ndi omwe mndandanda wa Tsogolo la Mphamvu uwu udzayesa kuyankha.
Koma tisanafufuze momwe tsogolo la mphamvu zongowonjezwwdzedwa lidzawonekera, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe tikusiyira zaka zamafuta oyaka. Ndipo njira yabwinoko yochitira izi kuposa chitsanzo chomwe tonse timachidziwa, gwero lamphamvu lomwe ndi lotsika mtengo, lochuluka, komanso lodetsedwa kwambiri: malasha.
Malasha: chizindikiro cha chizolowezi chathu chamafuta
Ndizotsika mtengo. Ndiosavuta kuchotsa, kutumiza ndi kuwotcha. Kutengera ndi momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito masiku ano, pali zaka 109 zosungirako zotsimikizirika zokwiriridwa pansi pa Dziko Lapansi. Madipoziti akulu kwambiri ali mu demokalase yokhazikika, yokumbidwa ndi makampani odalirika omwe ali ndi zaka zambiri. Zomangamanga (zopangira magetsi) zili kale m'malo, zambiri zomwe zitha zaka makumi angapo zisanafunike kusinthidwa. Pamaso pake, malasha amamveka ngati njira yabwino yopangira mphamvu padziko lapansi.
Komabe, ili ndi drawback imodzi: ndi zauve ngati gehena.
Malo opangira magetsi a malasha ndi amodzi mwa gwero lalikulu kwambiri komanso lodetsa kwambiri lotulutsa mpweya wa kaboni womwe ukuipitsa mpweya wathu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito malasha kwachepa pang'onopang'ono ku North America ndi ku Europe - kupanga mphamvu zambiri zopangira malasha sikukugwirizana ndi zomwe dziko lotukuka likufuna kuchepetsa kusintha kwanyengo.
Izi zati, malasha akadali pakati pa magwero akuluakulu a magetsi ku US (pa 20 peresenti), UK (30 peresenti), China (peresenti 70), India (peresenti ya 53), ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Ngakhale titasinthiratu ku zongowonjezeranso, zitha kutenga zaka zambiri kuti tisinthe gawo la malasha amagetsi omwe akuyimira pano. N’chifukwa chakenso mayiko amene akutukuka kumene akuzengereza kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito malasha (makamaka China ndi India), chifukwa kuchita zimenezi kungatanthauzenso kuwononga chuma chawo n’kubwezeranso umphaŵi wa anthu mamiliyoni mazanamazana.
Choncho m’malo motseka malo opangira malasha, maboma ambiri akuyesa kuwapanga kukhala aukhondo. Izi zikuphatikiza matekinoloje osiyanasiyana oyesera omwe amazungulira lingaliro la kugwidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa kaboni (CCS): kuwotcha malasha ndikutsuka mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wonyansa usanafike mumlengalenga.
Kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kwamafuta oyambira
Izi ndi zomwe: kukhazikitsa CCS tech m'mafakitale a malasha omwe alipo kale kumatha kuwononga ndalama zokwana theka la madola biliyoni pachimera chilichonse. Izi zingapangitse magetsi opangidwa kuchokera ku zomera izi kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri kusiyana ndi zomera zamakala (zonyansa). "Ndakwera bwanji?" mukufunsa. The Economist inanena pa fakitale yatsopano yopangira magetsi ya malasha ya Mississippi CCS yokwana madola 5.2 biliyoni, yomwe avareji yake pa kilowati iliyonse ndi $6,800—zimenezi ndi pafupifupi madola 1,000 a fakitale yopangira magetsi.
Ngati CCS idatulutsidwa kwa onse 2300 mafakitale opanga malasha padziko lonse lapansi, mtengo wake ukhoza kukhala wopitilira madola thililiyoni.
Pamapeto pake, pamene gulu la PR la makampani a malasha limalimbikitsa mphamvu za CCS kwa anthu, kuseri kwa zitseko zotsekedwa, makampani akudziwa kuti ngati atapanga ndalama kuti akhale obiriwira, zingawachotsere bizinesi - zikhoza kukweza mtengo. magetsi awo mpaka pomwe zongowonjezedwanso nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zotsika mtengo.
Pakadali pano, titha kugwiritsa ntchito ndime zina zingapo kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe mtengo wamtengo wapataliwu ukupangitsira kukwera kwa gasi wachilengedwe m'malo mwa malasha - powona kuti ndi yoyera pakuyaka, sipanga phulusa lapoizoni kapena zotsalira zapoizoni, imagwira ntchito bwino, ndipo imapanga zambiri. magetsi pa kilogalamu.
Koma pazaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi, malasha omwe alipo omwe akukumana nawo tsopano, gasi wachilengedwe nawonso adzakumananso - ndipo ndi mutu womwe mudzauwerenga pafupipafupi mndandandawu: kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zongowonjezeranso ndi magwero amphamvu a carbon (monga malasha). ndi mafuta) ndikuti imodzi ndiukadaulo, pomwe inayo ndi mafuta oyambira pansi. Ukadaulo umayenda bwino, umakhala wotsika mtengo komanso umapereka kubweza kwakukulu pakapita nthawi; pamene mafuta oyaka, nthawi zambiri, mtengo wake umakwera, umakhala wosasunthika, umakhala wosasunthika, ndipo pamapeto pake umachepa pakapita nthawi.
Chitsogozo cha dongosolo latsopano la mphamvu padziko lapansi
2015 idakhala chaka choyamba pomwe a chuma cha padziko lonse chinakula pamene mpweya wa carbon sunayambe-kusokonekera kwa chuma ndi mpweya wa carbon makamaka chifukwa cha makampani ndi maboma omwe amaika ndalama zambiri muzinthu zowonjezera kuposa kupanga mphamvu za carbon.
Ndipo ichi ndi chiyambi chabe. Zowona zake ndizakuti tangotsala zaka khumi kuchokera kumatekinoloje ongowonjezedwanso monga sola, mphepo, ndi zina zomwe zidafika pomwe zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri, komanso zachangu kwambiri. Kutsiliza kumeneko kudzayimira chiyambi cha m'badwo watsopano mukupanga mphamvu, ndipo mwina, m'badwo watsopano m'mbiri ya anthu.
M'zaka zochepa chabe, tilowa m'dziko lamtsogolo lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, zopanda malire, zongowonjezedwanso. Ndipo izo zidzasintha chirichonse.
M’kati mwa nkhanizi za Tsogolo la Mphamvu, muphunzira zotsatirazi: Chifukwa chiyani zaka zamafuta onyansa zikutha; chifukwa chiyani mafuta akuyembekezeka kuyambitsanso kugwa kwachuma kwina m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi; chifukwa chake magalimoto amagetsi ndi mphamvu za dzuwa zidzatitsogolera ku dziko la post-carbon; momwe zina zongowonjezedwanso monga mphepo ndi algae, komanso kuyesa thorium ndi fusion mphamvu, zidzatenga sekondi pafupi ndi dzuwa; ndiyeno potsiriza, tidzafufuza momwe dziko lathu lamtsogolo lamphamvu zopanda malire lidzawoneka. (Zindikirani: Zidzawoneka zokongola kwambiri.)
Koma tisanayambe kulankhula mozama za zongowonjezera, choyamba tiyenera kulankhula mozama za gwero lofunika kwambiri lamphamvu masiku ano: mafuta.
TSOGOLO LA ENERGY SERIES LINKS
Mafuta! Choyambitsa nthawi yongowonjezedwanso: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P2
Kukwera kwagalimoto yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P3
Mphamvu ya Dzuwa ndi kukwera kwa intaneti yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P4
Renewables motsutsana ndi makadi amphamvu a Thorium ndi Fusion: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P5
