Kukwera kwagalimoto yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P3

ZITHUNZI CREDIT: Quantumrun

Kukwera kwagalimoto yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P3

    Galimoto yanu—idzakhudza kwambiri dziko limene mukukhalamo kuposa mmene mungaganizire. 

    Mukadawerenga gawo lomaliza lazambiri za Future of Energy, mukadabetcha kuti gawo lachitatuli lingakhudze kukwera kwa sola ngati mtundu watsopano wamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Chabwino, mukulakwitsa pang'ono: tikambirana izi gawo linayi. M'malo mwake, tidasankha kuphimba mafuta a biofuel ndi magalimoto amagetsi kaye chifukwa zombo zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi (monga magalimoto, magalimoto, zombo, ndege, magalimoto amtundu wa monster, ndi zina zambiri) zimayendera gasi ndipo ndichifukwa chake mafuta amafuta amafuta padziko lonse lapansi amayendera khosi. Chotsani mpweya ku equation ndipo dziko lonse likusintha.

    Zoonadi, kuchoka ku gasi (ndipo posachedwa ngakhale injini yoyaka moto) ndizosavuta kunena kuposa kuchita. Koma ngati inu kuwerenga mpaka ogwetsa mapeto a gawo limodzi, mungakumbukire kuti maboma ambiri padziko lapansi sangachite zambiri pankhaniyi. Mwachidule, kupitiliza kuyendetsa chuma pamagetsi omwe akuchulukirachulukira komanso osowa kwambiri - mafuta osapsa - adzakhala osakhazikika pazachuma komanso ndale pakati pa 2025-2035. Mwamwayi, kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku kungakhale kosavuta kuposa momwe timaganizira.

    Zogulitsa zenizeni kumbuyo kwa biofuels

    Magalimoto amagetsi ndi tsogolo la zoyendera-ndipo tidzafufuza tsogolo limenelo mu theka lachiwiri la nkhaniyi. Koma ndi magalimoto opitilira biliyoni imodzi padziko lonse lapansi, kusintha magalimoto ndi magalimoto amagetsi kumatha kutenga zaka makumi awiri. Ife tiribe nthawi yamtunduwu. Ngati dziko liyamba kulimbana ndi chizoloŵezi cha mafuta, tidzafunika kupeza magwero ena amafuta omwe amatha kuyendetsa magalimoto athu omwe akuyaka kwazaka khumi kapena kuposerapo mpaka magetsi atenga mphamvu. Ndiko komwe mafuta opangira mafuta amalowa.

    Mukayendera mpope, mumangokhala ndi mwayi wodzazitsa gasi, gasi wabwinoko, gasi wapamwamba kwambiri, kapena dizilo. Ndipo ndilo vuto la pocketbook yanu-chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe mafuta ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndi chakuti ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa malo opangira mafuta omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Palibe mpikisano.

    Ma biofuel, komabe, akhoza kukhala mpikisano. Tangoganizirani za tsogolo lomwe mudzawona ethanol, kapena wosakanizidwa wa ethanol-gasi, kapenanso njira zopangira magetsi nthawi ina mukadzalowa pampope. Tsogolo limenelo lilipo kale ku Brazil. 

    Brazil imapanga ethanol yochuluka kuchokera ku nzimbe. Anthu a ku Brazil akapita ku mpope, amakhala ndi chisankho chodzaza gasi kapena ethanol kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosakaniza pakati. Chotsatira? Pafupi ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera kumafuta akunja, mitengo yotsika mtengo ya gasi, komanso kukwera kwachuma kwachuma - makamaka, anthu opitilira 40 miliyoni a ku Brazil adalowa mgulu lapakati pakati pa 2003 ndi 2011 pomwe bizinesi yamafuta amafuta am'dzikoli idayamba. 

    'Koma dikirani,' mukuti, 'mafuta amafuta amafunikira magalimoto oyendera mafuta kuti ayendetse. Mofanana ndi magetsi, zingatenge zaka zambiri kuti m'malo mwa galimoto zapadziko lonse mukhale magalimoto osinthasintha.' Kwenikweni, osati kwenikweni. Chinsinsi chaching'ono chodetsedwa m'makampani opanga magalimoto ndikuti pafupifupi magalimoto onse omwe adamangidwa kuyambira 1996 amatha kusinthidwa kukhala magalimoto osunthika pamtengo wochepera $150. Ngati mukufuna kusintha galimoto yanu, onani maulalo awa: chimodzi ndi awiri.

    'Koma dikirani,' mukuteronso, 'kulima zomera zopangira ethanol kudzakweza mtengo wa chakudya!' Mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu amakhulupirira (zikhulupiriro zomwe wolembayu adagawana), ethanol sachotsa chakudya. M'malo mwake, chinthu chomwe chimapangidwa ndi ethanol yambiri ndi chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, chimanga chambiri chomwe chimabzalidwa ku America sichimalimidwa n’cholinga choti anthu adye, chimalimidwa kuti azidyetsa ziweto. Ndipo chimodzi mwazakudya zabwino kwambiri za nyama ndi mbewu ya 'distillers,' yopangidwa kuchokera ku chimanga, koma imayamba kupangidwa kudzera mu fermentation-distillation process-chomwe chimapangidwa ndi (mumachiganizira) ethanol NDI njere za distillers.

    Kubweretsa kusankha papampu ya gasi

    Sikuti chakudya ndi mafuta, chikhoza kukhala chakudya ndi mafuta ambiri. Chifukwa chake tiyeni tiwone mwachangu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafuta ndi mafuta ena omwe tiwona akugunda pamsika ndi kubwezera pofika pakati pa 2020s:

    Ethanol. Ethanol ndi mowa, wopangidwa ndi fermenting shuga, ndipo akhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera monga tirigu, chimanga, nzimbe, ngakhale zomera zodabwitsa ngati cactus. Nthawi zambiri, ethanol imatha kupangidwa pamlingo wogwiritsa ntchito chomera chilichonse chomwe chili choyenera kuti dziko likule. 

    Methanoli. Magulu othamanga othamanga komanso othamanga akhala akugwiritsa ntchito methanol kwazaka zambiri. Koma chifukwa chiyani? Chabwino, ili ndi mlingo wofanana wa octane (~ 113) kuposa gasi wofunika kwambiri (~ 93), imapereka milingo yabwinoko yoponderezedwa ndi nthawi yoyatsira, imayaka moyera kuposa mafuta a petulo, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mtengo wamafuta wamba. Ndipo mumapanga bwanji zinthu izi? Pogwiritsa ntchito H2O ndi carbon dioxide—kuti madzi ndi mpweya, kutanthauza kuti mukhoza kupanga mafutawa motchipa kulikonse. M'malo mwake, methanol imatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wobwezeretsanso kuchokera kumakampani omwe akukula padziko lonse lapansi gasi, komanso ngakhale ndi biomass yosinthidwanso (mwachitsanzo, nkhalango zopangidwa ndi zinyalala, ulimi, ngakhale zinyalala za mzindawo). 

    Kuchuluka kwa biomass kumapangidwa chaka chilichonse ku America kuti apange methanol yokwanira kuphimba theka la magalimoto ku US pa madola awiri pa galoni, poyerekeza ndi anayi kapena asanu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta. 

    Algae. Oddly mokwanira, mabakiteriya, makamaka cyanobacteria, akhoza kuyendetsa galimoto yanu yam'tsogolo. Mabakiteriyawa amadya photosynthesis ndi carbon dioxide, makamaka dzuwa ndi mpweya, ndipo amatha kusinthidwa kukhala biofuel. Ndi luso lopanga ma genetic, asayansi akuyembekeza kuti tsiku lina adzakulitsa mabakiteriya ochulukirapo m'mitsuko ikuluikulu yakunja. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti popeza mabakiteriyawa amadya mpweya woipa, akamakula, amayeretsanso malo athu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti alimi amtsogolo a mabakiteriya atha kupanga ndalama kutengera kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amagulitsa komanso kuchuluka kwa carbon dioxide yomwe imayamwa mumlengalenga.

    Magalimoto amagetsi ali kale pano ndipo ndi odabwitsa kale

    Magalimoto amagetsi, kapena EVs, akhala mbali ya chikhalidwe cha pop zikomo kwambiri kwa Elon Musk ndi kampani yake, Tesla Motors. The Tesla Roadster, ndi Model S makamaka, atsimikizira kuti EVs si galimoto wobiriwira mukhoza kugula, komanso yabwino galimoto kuyendetsa, nthawi. Model S adapambana mu 2013 "Motor Trend Car of the Year" komanso "Car of the Year" ya 2013 ya Automobile Magazine. Kampaniyo idatsimikizira kuti ma EVs amatha kukhala chizindikiro chaudindo, komanso mtsogoleri waukadaulo wamagalimoto ndi mapangidwe.

    Koma bulu onse a Tesla akupsompsona pambali, chowonadi ndi chakuti kwa atolankhani onse a Tesla ndi mitundu ina ya EV yomwe adalamulira zaka zaposachedwa, amangoyimira zosakwana gawo limodzi la msika wamagalimoto padziko lonse lapansi. Zifukwa zomwe zapangitsa kukula kwapang'onopang'onoku ndi kusowa kwa luso loyendetsa ma EVs, ma EV apamwamba kwambiri komanso mtengo wopangira (chifukwa chake mtengo wake umakhala wokwera kwambiri), komanso kusowa kwa zomangamanga. Zolepheretsa izi ndi zazikulu, koma sizitenga nthawi yayitali.

    Mtengo wopangira magalimoto ndi mabatire amagetsi ayamba kuwonongeka

    Pofika m'ma 2020, matekinoloje ambiri adzabwera pa intaneti kuti achepetse mtengo wa magalimoto opangira, makamaka ma EV. Kuti tiyambe, tiyeni titenge galimoto yanu yapakati: pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa asanu amafuta athu onse amapita ku magalimoto ndipo magawo awiri mwa atatu a mafutawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugonjetsa kulemera kwa galimotoyo kukankhira patsogolo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chilichonse chomwe tingachite kuti magalimoto akhale opepuka sikungopangitsa kuti achepetse mtengo, komanso azigwiritsanso ntchito mafuta ochepa (akhale gasi kapena magetsi).

    Izi ndi zomwe zili paipi: pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2020, opanga magalimoto adzayamba kupanga magalimoto onse ndi carbon fiber, zinthu zomwe zimakhala zopepuka komanso zamphamvu kuposa aluminiyumu. Magalimoto opepukawa azitha kuyenda pamainjini ang'onoang'ono ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito omwewo. Magalimoto opepuka apangitsanso kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire amagetsi pa injini zoyatsira moto, popeza ukadaulo wamakono wa batire udzatha kuyendetsa magalimoto opepukawa mpaka magalimoto oyendera gasi.

    Zachidziwikire, izi sizikuwerengera kupita patsogolo komwe kukuyembekezeka muukadaulo wa batri, ndipo mnyamata padzakhala ambiri. Mtengo, kukula, ndi kusungirako kwa mabatire a EV apita patsogolo pazakale zothamanga kwambiri kwazaka zambiri ndipo matekinoloje atsopano akubwera pa intaneti nthawi zonse kuti asinthe. Mwachitsanzo, pofika 2020, tiwona kuyambitsidwa kwa graphene-based supercapacitors. Ma supercapacitor awa amalola mabatire a EV omwe sakhala opepuka komanso ocheperako, koma amakhalanso ndi mphamvu zambiri ndikuzimasula mwachangu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti magalimoto azikhala opepuka, otsika mtengo, komanso azithamanga mwachangu. Pakadali pano, pofika chaka cha 2017, Gigafactory ya Tesla iyamba kupanga mabatire a EV pamlingo waukulu, zomwe zitha kutsitsa mtengo wa mabatire a EV ndi 30 peresenti pofika 2020.

    Zatsopanozi pakugwiritsa ntchito kaboni fiber ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri batire zipangitsa kuti mtengo wa ma EV ukhale wofanana ndi magalimoto amtundu wa injini zoyaka, ndipo pamapeto pake magalimoto oyatsa amakhala otsika kwambiri - monga momwe tikuwonera.

    Maboma a padziko lonse akuyesetsa kuti zinthu zisinthe

    Kutsika mtengo kwa ma EV sikukutanthauza kugulitsa bonanza kwa EV. Ndipo ndilo vuto ngati maboma adziko lapansi ali ndi chidwi chofuna kupewa kugwa kwachuma komwe kukubwera (kofotokozedwa mu gawo limodzi). Ichi ndichifukwa chake njira imodzi yabwino yomwe maboma angagwiritse ntchito kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito gasi ndikuchepetsa mtengo wapampopi ndikulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma EV. Umu ndi momwe maboma angapangire izi kuchitika:

    Chimodzi mwazolepheretsa kwambiri kutengera EV ndi mantha omwe ogula ambiri amatha kumwa madzi ali panjira, kutali ndi potengera. Pofuna kuthana ndi bowo la zomangamanga, maboma adzalamula kuti ma EV recharging akhazikitsidwe m'malo onse omwe alipo, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira nthawi zina kuti ntchitoyi ifulumire. Opanga ma EV atenga nawo gawo pakumanga kwachitukukoku, chifukwa ukuyimira ndalama zatsopano komanso zopindulitsa zomwe zitha kubedwa kumakampani omwe alipo.

    Maboma am'deralo ayamba kukonzanso malamulo omanga, kulamula kuti nyumba zonse zikhale ndi malo opangira ma EV. Mwamwayi, izi zikuchitika kale: California adapereka lamulo ikufuna kuti malo onse oimikapo magalimoto atsopano ndi nyumba ziphatikizepo zida zolipirira EV. Ku China, mzinda wa Shenzhen adakhazikitsa malamulo ikufuna opanga zipinda zogona ndi ma condos kuti amange malo ogulitsira/masiteshoni pamalo aliwonse oyimikapo magalimoto. Pakadali pano, Japan tsopano ili ndi malo othamangitsira mwachangu (40,000) kuposa malo opangira mafuta (35,000). Phindu lina la ndalama zoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndikuti lidzayimira masauzande ambiri a ntchito zatsopano, zosatumizidwa kunja m'mayiko onse omwe adzalandira.

    Pakadali pano, maboma atha kulimbikitsanso kugula ma EV. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Norway ndi limodzi mwa mayiko ogulitsa kwambiri a Tesla padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa boma la Norway limapereka mwayi kwa eni ake a EV mwayi wopita kumisewu yopanda anthu ambiri (monga msewu wamabasi), malo oimika magalimoto aulere, kugwiritsa ntchito misewu yaulere, kuchotsera ndalama zolembetsera pachaka, kusalipira msonkho wina wamalonda, komanso kuchotsera msonkho. Inde, ndikudziwa bwino! Ngakhale Tesla Model S ndi galimoto yapamwamba, zolimbikitsa izi zimapangitsa kugula Teslas kukhala pafupi ndi kukhala ndi galimoto yachikhalidwe.

    Maboma ena atha kupereka zolimbikitsira zofananira mosavuta, zomwe zimatha kutha pambuyo poti ma EV afika pamlingo wina wa umwini wagalimoto wadziko lonse (monga 40 peresenti) kuti afulumizitse kusinthako. Ndipo pambuyo poti ma EV akuyimira magalimoto ambiri amtundu wa anthu, msonkho winanso wa kaboni ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa eni ake otsala a magalimoto oyaka moto kuti alimbikitse kukweza kwawo mochedwa ku ma EV.

    M'derali, maboma angapereke ndalama zothandizira kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha EV ndi kupanga EV. Zinthu zikafika paubweya komanso kuchita zinthu monyanyira kuli kofunika, maboma athanso kulamula opanga magalimoto kuti asinthe kuchuluka kwa zomwe amapanga kukhala ma EV, kapenanso kulamula zotulutsa ma EV okha. (Ulamuliro woterewu unali wothandiza kwambiri pa nthawi ya WWII.)

    Zosankha zonsezi zitha kufulumizitsa kusintha kuchokera ku kuyaka kupita ku magalimoto amagetsi pazaka makumi ambiri, kuchepetsa kudalira mafuta padziko lonse lapansi, kupanga mamiliyoni a ntchito zatsopano, ndikupulumutsa maboma mabiliyoni a madola (amene akanagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula mafuta osakanizika ochokera kunja) omwe akanatha kuyikidwa kwina. .

    M'mawu ena owonjezera, pali pafupifupi magalimoto awiri ndi oposa biliyoni imodzi padziko lapansi masiku ano. Opanga magalimoto nthawi zambiri amatulutsa magalimoto okwana 100 miliyoni chaka chilichonse, kotero kutengera momwe timalimbikitsira kusintha kwa ma EV, zingangotenga zaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri kuti zisinthe magalimoto apadziko lonse lapansi kuti ayambitse chuma chathu chamtsogolo.

    Kuthamanga pambuyo pa nsonga

    Ma EV akafika pachimake pa umwini pakati pa anthu onse, pafupifupi 15 peresenti, kukula kwa ma EV kudzakhala kosatha. Ma EV ndi otetezeka kwambiri, okwera mtengo kwambiri kuti asamalire, ndipo pofika pakati pa 2020s adzawononga ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuti awonjezere mafuta poyerekeza ndi magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi gasi - ngakhale mtengo wamafuta utsika bwanji.

    Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komweku ndi chithandizo chaboma kupangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito zofananira pamagalimoto a EV, mabasi, ndi ndege. Izi zitha kusintha.

    Ndiye mwadzidzidzi, chirichonse chimakhala chotchipa

    Chosangalatsa chimachitika mukachotsa magalimoto mukamagula mafuta, zonse zimatsika mtengo. Taganizirani izi. Monga tawonera mu gawo limodzi, chakudya, khitchini ndi zinthu zapakhomo, mankhwala ndi zipangizo zachipatala, zovala, zinthu zokongola, zomangira, ziwiya zamagalimoto, ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha pafupifupi china chirichonse, zonse zinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta.

    Magalimoto ambiri akasintha kupita ku ma EVs, kufunikira kwamafuta osakanizika kudzagwa, kutengera mtengo wamafuta osakhazikika nawo. Kutsika kumeneku kudzatanthauza kupulumutsa ndalama zambiri kwa opanga zinthu m'magawo onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito petroleum popanga. Ndalamazi zidzaperekedwa kwa anthu ogula, zomwe zidzalimbikitsa chuma cha dziko lonse chomwe chinawonongeka ndi kukwera mtengo kwa gasi.

    Zomera zamagetsi zazing'ono zimadya mu gridi

    Ubwino winanso wokhala ndi EV ndikuti imathanso kuwirikiza kawiri ngati gwero lothandizira la mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera ngati chimphepo chikagwetsa zingwe zamagetsi mdera lanu. Ingolumikizani galimoto yanu ku nyumba yanu kapena zida zamagetsi kuti muwonjezere mphamvu mwachangu.

    Ngati nyumba yanu kapena nyumba yanu yakhala ndi ma solar panels ndi ma gridi anzeru, imatha kulipiritsa galimoto yanu nthawi yomwe simukuzifuna ndikubwezeretsanso mphamvuzo m'nyumba mwanu, mnyumba, kapena mgulu lamagetsi usiku, ndikupulumutsa pamagetsi athu. mphamvu bilu kapena kukupangirani pang'ono mbali ndalama.

    Koma mukudziwa chiyani, tsopano tikulowera pamutu wa mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndipo moona mtima, zomwe zikuyenera kukambirana nazo: Mphamvu ya Dzuwa ndi kukwera kwa intaneti yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P4

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    2025-07-10

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