Amaphepha ePandora: Ingabe ukuvuza okukhulu kunawo wonke ogwini lolwandle kungaholela oguqukweni oluhlala njalo?

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• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• June 16, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

I-Pandora Papers ihoxise ikhethini emhlabeni oyimfihlo wokusebenzisana kwezezimali nogu lolwandle, okubandakanya iqembu elihlukahlukene labaholi bomhlaba kanye nezikhulu zomphakathi. Izambulo ziqinise izimpikiswano mayelana nokungalingani kwemali engenayo kanye nezinqubo zezezimali zesimilo, okudala izingcingo zezinguquko zokulawula. Phakathi kwezingqinamba zomhlaba wonke njengobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, ukuvuza kungaholela ezidingweni eziqinile zokukhuthala kochwepheshe emkhakheni wezezimali futhi kugqugquzele izixazululo ezintsha zedijithali zokuthola ukuxhashazwa kwemali kanye nokubalekela intela.

Amaphepha e-Pandora umongo

I-Pandora Papers yango-2021 isebenze njengesitolimende sakamuva ochungechungeni lokuvuza kwezimali okubalulekile phesheya kwezilwandle, kulandela iPanama Papers ngo-2016 kanye ne-Paradise Papers ngo-2017. Ikhishwe ngo-Okthoba 2021 yi-International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) eseWashington. I-Pandora Papers inamafayela amangalisayo ayi-11.9 million. Lawa mafayela kwakungewona nje amadokhumenti angahleliwe; babengamarekhodi ahlelwe kahle avela ezinkampanini ezingu-14 zaphesheya kwezilwandle ezigxile ekudaleni amafemu amagobolondo. Inhloso eyinhloko yalezi zinkampani zamagobolondo iwukufihla impahla yamakhasimende awo acebe kakhulu, ukuwavikela ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlolweni komphakathi futhi, kwezinye izimo, izibopho zomthetho.

I-Pandora Papers ayizange ibandlulule ngokwabantu eyayidalula. Ukuputshuka kwalokhu kuthinta inqwaba yabantu, okuhlanganisa nabaholi bomhlaba abangama-35 bamanje nabangaphambili, osopolitiki abangaphezu kuka-330 nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezivela emazweni nasezifundeni ezingu-91. Uhlu lwaze lwadlulela nakubabaleki nakubantu abalahlwe amacala anzima njengokubulala. Ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuthembeka kolwazi, i-ICIJ ibambisene nethimba elikhulu lezintatheli ezingama-600 ezivela ezitolo zezindaba zomhlaba eziyi-150. Lezi zintatheli zenze uphenyo olunzulu ngala mafayela aputshuziwe, zawakhomba ngeminye imithombo ethembekile ngaphambi kokuphumela obala lokho ezikutholile.

Imithelela yomphakathi yePandora Papers ifinyelela kude. Okokuqala, ukuputshuka kuye kwaqinisa impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokungalingani kweholo kanye nezibopho zokuziphatha zabacebile. Iphinde iphakamise imibuzo mayelana neqhaza lezinhlelo zezezimali zaphesheya kwezilwandle ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ukungalingani kanye nokwenza kube lula ukwenza imisebenzi engekho emthethweni. Izinkampani kungase kudingeke ukuthi zihlole kabusha izinqubo zazo zezezimali ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zisobala futhi zinokuziphatha okuhle, kuyilapho ohulumeni bangase bacabangele ukubuyekeza imithetho yentela nemithethonqubo ukuze bavale izintuba ezivumela lokho kuyimfihlo kwezezimali.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Lokhu kuvuza kungase kudale umonakalo omkhulu kosopolitiki abafuna ukuqokwa kabusha. Isibonelo sika-Andrej Babiš, owayengundunankulu waseCzech Republic. Ubhekane nemibuzo yokuthi kungani inkampani yokutshala imali yaphesheya kwezilwandle itholele i-chateau yakhe engu-USD $22 million eFrance esikhundleni sakhe ngesikhathi izakhamizi zaseCzech zibekezelela izindleko zokuphila ezikhuphukayo.  

Ukufihla izimpahla nemali ngezinkampani zaphesheya kwezilwandle ezizinze ezindaweni zokukhosela intela njengeSwitzerland, Cayman Islands, kanye neSingapore kuwumkhuba osunguliwe. I-ICIJ ilinganisela ukuthi imali yaphesheya kwezilwandle ehlala ezindaweni zentela isuka ku-USD $5.6 trillion iye ku-$32 trillion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulahleka intela elinganiselwa ku-USD $600 billion unyaka ngamunye ngenxa yabantu abacebile bebeka ingcebo yabo ezinkampanini zamagobolondo asogwini. 

Uphenyo lwenzeka ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-COVID-19 lapho ohulumeni beboleka imali ukuze bathengele abantu babo imigomo futhi bethula umfutho wezezimali ukuze basekele umnotho wabo, okuyizindleko ezidluliselwa emphakathini jikelele. Ekuphenduleni uphenyo, abenzi bomthetho kuKhongolose yase-US bethula umthethosivivinywa obizwa ngokuthi ENABLERS Act ngo-2021. Lo mthetho uzodinga abameli, abeluleki bezokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nama-accountant, phakathi kokunye, ukuba baqikelele ngokuqinile amaklayenti abo ngendlela amabhange enza ngayo.

Imithelela yokuvuza kwezindawo zentela zaphesheya kwezilwandle

Imithelela ebanzi yokuvuza kwezindawo zentela zaphesheya kwezilwandle (njengamaphepha e-Pandora) ukwenziwa esidlangalaleni kungafaka:

• Kuhlongozwa eminye imithetho ukuze kunqandwe ukuxhashazwa kwemali phesheya kwezilwandle kanye nokubalekela intela.
• Imiphumela engaba khona yezomthetho nezezimali ezinkampanini zezinsizakalo zezezimali ezihilelekile kulezi zinhlelo zokugwema intela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yezinsizakalo zezezimali cishe izonxenxa umthetho oqinile wokushushumbisa imali kanye nokugwema intela ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwezimali kanye nobungozi obungokomthetho.
• Izinkampani zase-Offshore zidlulisela ama-akhawunti azo kwezinye izinkampani/amachweba angasogwini ukuze zigweme ukutholwa.  
• Izintatheli nezigebengu eziyisishoshovu bazosebenzisana kakhulu ukuze baphule izindaba ezibucayi ezibandakanya ukuputshuka kwezinto ezibucayi.
• Iziqalo ezintsha ze-fintech zigqugquzelwa ukudala izixazululo zedijithali ezingasiza amafemu nama-ejensi wezinsizakalo zezezimali ukuthi abone kangcono ukuxhashazwa kwemali nemisebenzi yokugwema intela.
• Osopolitiki nabaholi bomhlaba abathwele kanzima emiphumeleni, efana nokulimaza isithunzi esikhulu, phezu kwezinhlangano zezimali, okungase kube nomthelela endleleni imithetho ephasiswa ngayo.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ucabanga ukuthi ukuvuza kwezimali kwalolu hlobo kuzovame kakhulu?
• Yimiphi eminye imithetho ocabanga ukuthi iyadingeka kuma-akhawunti wamaphoyisa aphesheya kwezilwandle?