Amagciwane e-Cloning: Ithuluzi elinoveli lokulawula ubhubhane noma isikhali?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• November 12, 2021

Ososayensi benza izinguquko ekwakhiweni kabusha kofuzo ukuze kusheshiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokugoma nge-yeast. Kodwa-ke, le mpumelelo iza nesethi yayo yezinselelo, okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kabi kobuchwepheshe ekudaleni izikhali zebhayoloji. Ukulinganisa lezi zingozi nemivuzo, ubuchwepheshe buthembisa ukubumba kabusha ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukugqugquzela ukukhula komnotho ku-biotechnology, futhi kubangele ukucatshangelwa okusha kwezombusazwe nezemvelo.

Cloning amagciwane, umongo 

Emzamweni wokusheshisa inqubo yokwakhiwa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo, ososayensi baye baphendukela ezisekelweni zokwenziwa ze-genomics ezisekelwe kumvubelo. Le ndlela ithuthukisa amakhono ayingqayizivele ezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala kumbiliso yabaphisi botshwala, engahlehlisa unjiniyela futhi ihlanganise izingcezu ze-RNA noma ze-DNA ukuze idale kabusha izakhi zofuzo zangempela. Le nqubo ibalulekile njengoba ukuqonda ikhodi yofuzo enembayo ye-pathogen kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kokwelapha okusebenzayo kanye nemithi yokugoma. Ucwaningo lwango-2020 olushicilelwe kujenali Nature yagqamisa ukubaluleka kwale nqubo ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwezindlela zokwelapha izifo ezingase zibe khona, njenge-COVID-19 ne-Ebola, lapho isikhathi siyisici esibalulekile ekulawuleni ukusabalala kwazo.

Ukukhethwa kwemvubelo njengendlela yokwenza le nqubo akunangqondo. Imvubelo ibonakale iphumelela kakhulu kunamagciwane ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezinkulu, eziwavumela ukuba ahlanganise izingcezu zofuzo zibe ikhodi ebanzi. Leli khono lakha isisekelo senqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-transformative associated recombination (TAR).

Ngamagama alula, imvubelo inamandla okuthatha isampula ye-ejenti ye-pathogenic futhi ikhiqize ikhophi enembile yezinto zayo zofuzo. Le nqubo ifana nokudala ipulani yesakhiwo kusuka esitini esisodwa. Ikhono lokuhlanganisa leli gciwane ngale ndlela akulona nje ilukuluku lesayensi, kodwa liyithuluzi elibalulekile ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwanayo.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ikhono lokuhlanganisa ngokushesha ama-pathogenic agents, njengamagciwane abangela i-Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) kanye negciwane le-Zika, lingaguqula umkhakha wokuthuthukiswa komgomo. Ngokusheshisa inqubo yokwakhiwa nokusabalalisa umuthi wokugoma, singase sikwazi ukuvimbela ukusakazeka okusabalele kwalezi zifo futhi sinciphise ubukhali bezimpawu kubantu abathintekile. 

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kabi okungaba khona kwalobu buchwepheshe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Amathuba okuthi amagciwane akhiqizwe angakwazi ukuthathelanayo futhi abulale kakhulu kunabanduleli bawo aletha ubungozi bokusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela ukwakha izikhali zebhayoloji. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungase kube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele, okuholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zezempilo kanye nokuphazamiseka okungenzeka komphakathi. 

Ohulumeni nezinhlaka ezilawulayo kuzodingeka basungule izindlela zokulawula eziqinile nezindlela zokwengamela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwalobu buchwepheshe. Isibonelo, i-Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esivimbela ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhiqizwa, kanye nokuqoqwa kwezikhali zebhayoloji, singanwetshwa ukuze kulungiswe ngokuqondile. izingozi ezihlobene ne-synthetic virus cloning.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izinzuzo ezingaba khona zobuchwepheshe be-TAR zokuhlanganisa igciwane azinakwa. Ezinkampanini ezisemkhakheni we-biotechnology kanye nemithi, lobu buchwepheshe bungavula izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo nentuthuko, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwemithi yokwelapha esebenza kangcono kanye nemithi yokugoma. Kohulumeni, inganikeza ithuluzi elinamandla ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwanayo, ukuthuthukisa imiphumela yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nokusindisa izimpilo ezingenakubalwa.

Imithelela ye-cloning virus 

Imithelela ebanzi ye-cloning virus ingabandakanya:

• Ukukhiqiza nokusabalalisa imithi yokugoma ngamanani ashesha kakhulu phakathi nezifo eziwubhadane, kunciphisa isidingo sokuvalwa kwezindawo kanye nomthelela wazo emnothweni.
• Amagciwane ahlanganisiwe asetshenziswa ukudala izikhali ze-bioapon ezinamazinga aphezulu okudlulisela kanye nokufa. 
• Uguquko olungase lube khona esimweni somnotho womhlaba, lapho amazwe atshala imali eningi ku-biotechnology kanye nocwaningo lwe-genomics okungenzeka ukuthi athole umkhawulo wokuncintisana embonini yezempilo neyokwenza imithi.
• Ukuvela kwezinkulumo mpikiswano ezintsha zezepolitiki kanye nezinqubomgomo mayelana ne-biosecurity, njengoba ohulumeni bebhekana nesidingo sokusekela ukuqanjwa kabusha kwesayensi ngenkathi kuvinjwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa amagciwane.
• Izinguquko kumathrendi ezibalo zabantu, njengoba imithi yokugoma ethuthukisiwe kanye nokwelashwa kunganciphisa izinga lokufa kwabantu ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo, okungase kuholele esikhathini eside sempilo kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezakhiwo zabantu.
• Ukusheshisa kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ku-genomics, njengoba isidingo sezindlela zokuhlanganisa amagciwane ezisheshayo nezisebenza kahle kuqhuba ubuhlakani nocwaningo.
• Ukwakhiwa kwamathuba amasha emisebenzi emkhakheni we-biotechnology, njengoba sikhula isidingo sabacwaningi abanekhono nochwepheshe.
• Imithelela engase ibe khona emvelweni, njengoba ukwanda kokukhiqizwa nokulahlwa kwezinto eziyingozi ehlobene ne-virus cloning kungadinga amasu amasha okulawula udoti.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi kukhona ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha okuhlobene ne-virus cloning (njengokuvuza ngengozi)? 
• Ingabe i-virus cloning kufanele ilinganiselwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zebhayoloji?