Umanyolo wemvelo: Ukumunca ikhabhoni emhlabathini

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• September 13, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Umanyolo wemvelo, owenziwe ngemithombo yemvelo njengezitshalo nezilwane, unikeza enye indlela eqhubekayo esikhundleni sikamanyolo wamakhemikhali, uthuthukisa impilo yenhlabathi kanye nokunciphisa imithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Zisebenza ngokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ukukhuthaza amagciwane azuzisayo, futhi kancane kancane zidedele imisoco, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwazo kungabiza kakhulu futhi kudle isikhathi. Ngale kwezolimo, umanyolo wemvelo unomthelela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ukusuka entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe kwezolimo kuye ekushintsheni kwezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kanye nokuthandwa ngabathengi kumikhiqizo yokudla esimeme.

Umanyolo we-organic

Ama-organic fertilizer (OFs) asebenzisa imisoco egaywe kabusha, andisa ikhabhoni yomhlabathi, futhi asize ekwehliseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Umanyolo owenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo wenziwa ngezinto ezisekelwe ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni (isb., umquba, izikelemu zomhlaba, nomquba), kuyilapho umanyolo owenziwe ngamakhemikhali wenziwa ngezinto ezingaphili, njenge-ammonium, i-phosphates, nama-chloride. 

Umanyolo wemvelo wengeza izingxenye emhlabathini ukuze uthuthukise ukwakheka kwawo namandla okugcina amanzi, okukhuthaza ukukhula kwama-microorganisms anenzuzo kanye nezikelemu zomhlaba. Lezi zivundisi zikhipha imisoco kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zivimbele ukuvundisa ngokweqile nokugeleza (lapho inhlabathi ingasakwazi ukumunca amanzi amaningi).

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezivelele zama-OF, okuhlanganisa: 

• Umanyolo wemvelo, owenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo njengezilwane nezitshalo,
• I-Organo-mineral, ihlanganisa umanyolo owodwa we-inorganic okungenani nezimbili eziphilayo, kanye
• Izithuthukisi zenhlabathi ye-Organic, zingumanyolo ohlose ukuthuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-organic emhlabathini. 

I-European Consortium of the Organic-based Fertilizer Industry yagqamisa ukuthi ama-OF asekela izinsika ezintathu zesu lokukhula leKhomishini YaseYurophu, okuhlanganisa:

1. Ukukhula okuhlakaniphile - kuthuthukisa izixazululo ezisekelwe ocwaningweni neziqhutshwa emisha kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani lezolimo. 
2. Ukukhula okusimeme - kufaka isandla emnothweni wekhabhoni ephansi. 
3. Ukukhula okubandakanya wonke umuntu - kuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sixazululo siyatholakala ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasemadolobheni.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Enye indlela ama-OF anganciphisa ngayo ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu iwukumunca isitokwe sekhabhoni (noma ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni). Ikhabhoni esemhlabathini iqiniswa ngezinqubo zomzimba kanye nezamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo (njengokugaywa kwamaminerali), okuholela ekumunceni kwekhabhoni isikhathi eside (ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyishumi). Olunye ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ama-OF amaningi kakhulu angakhuphula ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ikakhulukazi i-nitrous oxide (N2O).

Lolu hlobo lwegesi ebamba ukushisa luyingozi kakhulu kune-carbon dioxide futhi lungakhishwa ngezinqubo ze-biochemical yenhlabathi (isb., ukufaka umquba emasimini). Kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo luthi, ngokuvamile, kukhona ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ephansi enhlabathini enama-OF kunomanyolo wamakhemikhali. Ukukhishwa kwe-N2O kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zenhlabathi futhi kungaba inselele ukulandelela.

Ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwe-N2O okungenzeka kube khona, okubi kwama-OF ukuthi angathatha isikhathi eside ukukhiqiza imiphumela kunomanyolo wamakhemikhali ngenxa yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ezidinga ukuvela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kungase futhi kube inselele kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi ungakanani umanyolo odingekayo, njengoba izitshalo ezahlukene zidinga amazinga ahlukene omsoco. Ngakho-ke, kungase kudingeke kube nokuhlolwa okuthile ukuze kuhlanganiswe futhi kufaniswe amaqembu ezitshalo nomanyolo ofanele. Ukwengeza, ama-OF angabiza kakhulu kunamakhemikhali ngoba kuthatha isikhathi eside ukukhiqiza umanyolo wemvelo.  

Imiphumela yomanyolo we-organic

Imithelela ebanzi yama-OF ingabandakanya: 

• Ukufaka ubuchwepheshe be-drone kanye nokuvundiswa kwemvelo kwezolimo kuthuthukisa isivuno sezitshalo, kube neqhaza ekukhiqizweni kokudla okuphezulu futhi okungenzeka kunciphise izinkinga zendlala.
• Ohulumeni abanikeza izikhuthazo zokutholwa komanyolo ophilayo emisebenzini yokulima kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezempilo yomphakathi kanye nendawo ehlanzekile.
• Abalimi ababhekene nengcindezi eyengeziwe yokunciphisa ukuthembela kumanyolo wamakhemikhali bangase babangele ukushintsha kwamasu ezolimo futhi babe nomthelela kwimithombo yezimali yabakhiqizi bamakhemikhali amakhemikhali.
• Izinkampani zikamanyolo wamakhemikhali ezikhula zibe ukukhiqiza umanyolo we-organic, ngenkathi zigcina ukukhethwa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, zihlukanisa iminikelo yazo futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko ezishintshayo zemakethe.
• Ukuvela kwemikhiqizo emisha yokudla okuphilayo egqamisa ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo emaphaketheni awo kuthuthukisa ukuqwashisa kwabathengi kanye nokuthanda umkhiqizo otshalwe ngokuqhubekayo.
• Izindlela zokulima ezithuthukisiwe ezingase zidale amathuba emisebenzi emisha kuyo yomibili imikhakha yezobuchwepheshe, njengokusebenza kwe-drone, nokulima kwendabuko.
• Ukushintshela ekuvundiseni okuphilayo kushintsha amaphethini okusetshenziswa komhlaba, okungenzeka kunciphise indawo ezungezile yezolimo.
• Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokushintshela ezindleleni zokulima ngokwemvelo kwaqala kwathwalisa kanzima abalimi abasafufusa, kwaphazamisa ukuguquguquka komnotho womkhakha wezolimo.
• Ukugcizelelwa okukhulayo kokulima okuphilayo okunomthelela kukharikhulamu yezemfundo kanye noxhaso lwezimali locwaningo, okugcizelela izinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Yiziphi ezinye izinselelo ezingaba khona zokushintshela kumanyolo we-organic?
• Uma abalimi beshintshela kumanyolo nezinto zokwakha, abalimi bangazivimba kanjani izinambuzane ekudleni izitshalo zabo?