Umbono onikwe amandla wokufakelwa kobuchopho: Ukudala izithombe ngaphakathi kobuchopho

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Umbono onikwe amandla wokufakelwa kobuchopho: Ukudala izithombe ngaphakathi kobuchopho

Umbono onikwe amandla wokufakelwa kobuchopho: Ukudala izithombe ngaphakathi kobuchopho

Umbhalo wesihlokwana
Uhlobo olusha lokufakelwa kobuchopho lungakwazi ukubuyisela ukubona kancane ezigidini zabantu abanenkinga yokukhubazeka kokubona.
    • About the Author:
    • Igama lomlobi
      I-Quantumrun Foresight
    • August 17, 2022

    Isifinyezo sokuqonda

    Ubumpumputhe buyinkinga esakazeke yonke indawo, futhi ososayensi bazama ngokufakelwa kobuchopho ukuze babuyisele ukubona. Lezi zimila, ezifakwe ngokuqondile ku-cortex yobuchopho, zingathuthukisa kakhulu izimpilo zalabo abanokukhubazeka kokubona, zibavumele ukuthi babone izimo eziyisisekelo futhi ngokunokwenzeka okwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo. Lobu buchwepheshe obuthuthukayo abugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa amathuba okuzimela kwabangaboni kahle kodwa buphinde buphakamise imibuzo mayelana nemithelela yakhona ebanzi emphakathini nakwezemvelo.

    Umongo wombono wokutshala ubuchopho

    Okunye kokukhubazeka okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni ubumpumputhe, obuthinta abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-410 emhlabeni jikelele ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ososayensi bacwaninga ngezindlela eziningi zokwelapha ukusiza abantu abaphethwe yilesi simo, okuhlanganisa nokufakwa okuqondile ku-visual cortex yobuchopho.

    Isibonelo sikathisha oneminyaka engu-58, owayeseneminyaka engu-16 engaboni. Ekugcineni wayesekwazi ukubona izinhlamvu, akhombe amaphethelo ezinto, futhi adlale umdlalo wevidiyo kaMaggie Simpson ngemva kokuba udokotela ohlinzayo efake ama-microneedles angu-100 ku-cortex yakhe ebonakalayo ukuze aqophe futhi avuse ama-neurons. Umuntu ohlolwayo wabe esegqoka izibuko zamehlo ezinamakhamera evidiyo amancane kanye nesofthiwe ebhala ngekhodi idatha ebonakalayo. Ulwazi lwabe seluthunyelwa kuma-electrode asebuchosheni bakhe. Wahlala nokufakelwa izinyanga eziyisithupha futhi akazange ahlangabezane nokuphazamiseka emsebenzini wakhe wobuchopho noma ezinye izinkinga zempilo. 

    Lolu cwaningo, olwenziwa ithimba lososayensi abavela eNyuvesi uMiguel Hernández (eSpain) kanye ne-Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, limele ukugxumela phambili kososayensi abanethemba lokudala ubuchopho obubonakalayo bokwenziwa obuzosiza abantu abayizimpumputhe ukuba bazimele. Khonamanjalo, ososayensi base-UK bathuthukise ukufakelwa kobuchopho okusebenzisa amaphampu kagesi amade ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukucaca kwesithombe kubantu abane-retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Lesi sifo esiwufuzo, esihlasela umuntu waseBrithani oyedwa kwabayizi-1 4,000, sibhubhisa amangqamuzana ahlola ukukhanya kuyi-retina futhi ekugcineni siholele ebumpumputheni.

    Umthelela ophazamisayo

    Nakuba kuthembisa, ukuhlolwa okuningi kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kwelashwa okusathuthuka kunikezwe ngokuthengisa. Amaqembu ocwaningo lweSpanishi nesiDashi ahlola indlela yokwenza izithombe ezithunyelwa ebuchosheni zibe nzima nakakhulu futhi zikhuthaze ama-electrode amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze abantu babone okungaphezu nje kokwakheka nokunyakaza okuyisisekelo. Umgomo uwukwenza abantu abanokukhubazeka kokubona bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke, okuhlanganisa ukukwazi ukuhlonza abantu, iminyango, noma izimoto, okuholela ekuphepheni okwandisiwe nokuhamba.

    Ngokudlula isixhumanisi esinqanyuliwe phakathi kobuchopho namehlo, ososayensi bangagxila ekushukumiseni ubuchopho ngokuqondile ukuze bubuyisele izithombe, izimo, nemibala. Inqubo yokufakelwa ngokwayo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-minicraniotomy, iqonde kakhulu futhi ilandela izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuhlinzwa kwemizwa. Kubandakanya ukudala imbobo engu-1.5-cm kugebhezi ukuze kufakwe iqembu lama-electrode.

    Abacwaningi bathi iqembu lama-electrode angaba ngu-700 anele ukunikeza umuntu oyimpumputhe ulwazi olwanele olubonakalayo ukuze athuthukise kakhulu ukuhamba nokuzimela. Bahlose ukwengeza ama-microarray amaningi ezifundweni ezizayo ngoba ukufakelwa kudinga kuphela amaza kagesi amancane ukuze kushukumise i-visual cortex. Olunye uhlobo lokwelapha olusathuthuka lusebenzisa ithuluzi lokuhlela izakhi zofuzo le-CRISPR ukuze kulungiswe futhi kulungiswe i-DNA yeziguli ezinezifo zamehlo ezingavamile zofuzo ukuze umzimba ukwazi ukuphulukisa ukukhubazeka kokubona ngokwemvelo.

    Imithelela yezinqubo zokubuyisela umbono ogxilile

    Imithelela ebanzi yokufakelwa kobuchopho okusetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kokubona nokubuyiselwa kungabandakanya: 

    • Ukubambisana okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwamanyuvesi ezokwelapha, iziqalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, nezinkampani zemithi ezigxile ekwelashweni kokubuyisela umbono wokufakelwa kobuchopho, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kulo mkhakha.
    • Ushintsho ekuqeqeshweni kwe-neurosurgical ekuqeqesheni izinqubo zokufakelwa kobuchopho ukuze kubuyiselwe umbono, okushintsha kakhulu imfundo yezokwelapha nokwenza.
    • Ucwaningo oluqinisiwe ezingilazini ezihlakaniphile njengendlela ehlukile yokufakelwa kobuchopho, okugqugquzela intuthuko kubuchwepheshe obugqokekayo bokuthuthukisa ukubona.
    • Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokufakelwa kobuchopho kubantu abanokubona okuvamile, okuhlinzeka ngamakhono okubuka athuthukisiwe njengokugxila okwedlulele, ukucaca kwebanga elide, noma ukubona kwe-infrared, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuguqulwa izinkambu ezihlukahlukene zobungcweti ezithembele ekuhlakanipheni kokubukwa okuthuthukisiwe.
    • Izimo zokuqashwa ziyashintsha njengoba abantu abanombono obuyiselwe bengena noma baphinde bangene kubasebenzi, okuholela ekushintsheni kokutholakala kwemisebenzi kanye nezidingo zokuqeqeshwa emikhakheni eyahlukene.
    • Imithelela engase ibe khona kwezemvelo evela ekwandeni kokukhiqizwa nokulahlwa kwemishini yokuthuthukisa umbono wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, edinga ukukhiqiza okuzinzile kanye nezinqubo zokugaywa kabusha.
    • Ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwabathengi kanye nesidingo semakethe njengoba umbono othuthukisiwe uba yisici esifiselekayo, esithonya izimboni kusukela kwezokuzijabulisa kuye kwezokuthutha.
    • Izinguquko ekushintsheni komphakathi kanye nemibono yokukhubazeka, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokufakelwa kobuchopho bufiphaza umugqa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kokwelapha nokwandisa, okuholela ezinkambisweni ezintsha zomphakathi kanye namagugu azungeze ukuthuthukiswa komuntu.

    Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

    • Ucabanga ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bungazishintsha kanjani izimpilo zabangaboni kahle?
    • Yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhona kulobu buchwepheshe?