Ukufunda ngomcabango: Ingabe kufanele ngikwazi esikucabangayo?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• January 16, 2023

Ososayensi bakha ubuchwepheshe be-brain-computer interface (BCI) ukuze "bafunde" ngokuqondile ubuchopho bomuntu ngokusebenzisa izifakelo ze-chip kanye ne-electrode. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zingena ebuchosheni bomuntu zisebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana namakhompyutha nokulawula izinto. Nokho, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungase kuqede ubumfihlo ngendlela esikwazi ngayo.

Umcabango wokufunda umongo

Ososayensi abavela e-US, China, nase-Japan bebesebenzisa i-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ukuze baqonde kangcono umsebenzi wobuchopho. Le mishini ye-fMRI ilandelela ukugeleza kwegazi namaza obuchopho kunomsebenzi wobuchopho nje. Idatha eqoqwe kusuka kuskena iguqulelwa kwifomethi yesithombe inethiwekhi ye-neural eyinkimbinkimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Deep Generator Network (DGN) Algorithm. Kodwa okokuqala, abantu kumelwe baqeqeshe isimiso mayelana nendlela ubuchopho obucabanga ngayo, kuhlanganise nesivinini nendlela igazi elihamba ngayo ukuze lifike ebuchosheni. Ngemva kokuba uhlelo lulandele ukugeleza kwegazi, lukhiqiza izithombe zolwazi oluqoqayo. I-DGN ikhiqiza izithombe ezibonakalayo zekhwalithi ephezulu ngokuskena ubuso, amehlo, namaphethini ombhalo. Ngokusekelwe kulolu cwaningo, i-algorithm iyakwazi ukufanisa izithombe ezikhonjiwe ngamaphesenti angama-99 esikhathi.

Olunye ucwaningo lokufunda umcabango luthuthuke kakhulu. Ngo-2018, abakwaNissan bethula ubuchwepheshe beBrain-to-Vehicle obuzovumela izimoto ukuthi zitolike imiyalo yokushayela ebuchosheni bomshayeli. Ngokunjalo, ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia San Francisco (USCF) bakhiphe imiphumela yocwaningo lomsebenzi wobuchopho olwesekelwa yi-Facebook ngo-2019; ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-brain-wave ukunquma inkulumo. Ekugcineni, i-BCI ye-Neuralink yaqala ukuhlola ngo-2020; umgomo uwukuxhuma izimpawu zobuchopho emishinini ngokuqondile.

Umthelela Ophazamisayo

Uma sekuphelelisiwe, ubuchwepheshe bokufunda umcabango besikhathi esizayo buzoba izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifinyelela kude kuyo yonke imikhakha nezinkambu. Odokotela bengqondo nabelaphi bangase ngelinye ilanga bathembele kulobu buchwepheshe ukuze bathole ukuhlukumezeka okujulile. Odokotela bangakwazi ukuxilonga iziguli zabo kangcono futhi kamuva babelaphe ngemithi efaneleke kakhulu. Abanqanyuliwe bangakwazi ukugqoka izitho zerobhothi ezisabela ngokushesha emicabangweni yabo. Ngokufanayo, abomthetho bangasebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ngesikhathi bephenywa ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi abasolwa abaqambi amanga. Futhi esimweni sezimboni, abasebenzi abangabantu bangase ngelinye ilanga bakwazi ukulawula amathuluzi nemishini eyinkimbinkimbi (owodwa noma eminingi) ngokuphepha nakakhulu, futhi bekude.

Kodwa-ke, ukufunda ingqondo nge-AI kungaba isihloko esiyimpikiswano ngombono wokuziphatha. Abantu abaningi bazobheka lokhu kuthuthukiswa njengokuhlasela kwemfihlo kanye nosongo enhlalakahleni yabo, okwenza amaqembu amaningi amalungelo abantu aphikisane nalezi zindlela namadivayisi. Ukwengeza, ngokwe-South China Morning Post, ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ubuchopho base-China sebuvele busetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe izinguquko zemizwa kubasebenzi kuzo zonke izilungiselelo eziningi, njengasemigqeni yokukhiqiza yasefekthri. Kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokuthi isizwe esisodwa noma ngaphezulu sizame ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ngokwesilinganiso sabantu ukuze kuqashwe imicabango yabantu abahlukene.

Omunye umbango uwukuthi ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-ML ayikakakwazi ukubona kahle nokunquma ukuthi abantu bacabangani, bazizwa kanjani, noma bakufise kanjani nokuthi yini. Kusukela ngo-2022, ubuchopho buhlala buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze buhlukaniswe izingxenye namasignali, njengoba nje ubuchwepheshe bokubona ubuso buphikiswa njengethuluzi lokukhomba ngokunembile imizwa yomuntu. Esinye isizathu siwukuthi kunezindlela eziningi abantu abafihla ngazo imizwa nemicabango yabo yangempela. Ngakho-ke, isimo sobuchwepheshe be-ML sisekude ekuchazeni inkimbinkimbi yokwazi komuntu.

Imithelela yokufunda umcabango

Imithelela ebanzi yokufunda umcabango ingase ihlanganise:

• Izimayini, ezokuthutha, namafemu akhiqizayo asebenzisa izigqoko ezilula zokufunda umsebenzi wobuchopho ukuze zinqume ukukhathala kwabasebenzi kanye nokuqwashisa ngezingozi ezingase zibe khona. 
• Amadivayisi e-BCI avumela abantu abakhubazekile ukuthi baxhumane nobuchwepheshe obusizayo, obufana nemishini ehlakaniphile namakhompyutha.
• Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe nezokuthengisa ezisebenzisa amathuluzi e-BCI ukusebenzisa ulwazi lomuntu siqu ukuze kuthuthukiswe imikhankaso yokumaketha kanye ne-e-commerce.
• Umthetho kazwelonke nowamazwe ngamazwe olawula ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-BCI emphakathini wonke.
• Amasosha asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-BCI ukunika amandla ukuxhumana okujulile phakathi kwamasosha nezimoto zokulwa nezikhali aziyalayo. Isibonelo, abashayeli bezindiza bezindiza abasebenzisa i-BCI bangakwazi ukushayela indiza yabo ngezikhathi zokusabela ngokushesha.
• Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ukucabanga ngeminyaka yawo-2050s ukuze kugcinwe izakhamizi zazo zisemugqeni, ikakhulukazi amaqembu amancane.
• I-Pushback nemibhikisho yamaqembu omphakathi ephikisana nobuchwepheshe bokufunda ingqondo obuklanyelwe ukuhlola abantu. 

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Iyiphi indima okufanele ibanjwe uhulumeni ekulawuleni ubuchwepheshe be-BCI?
• Yiziphi ezinye izingozi ezingaba khona zokuba nemishini ekwazi ukufunda imicabango yethu?