Ukuxhumana kwekhompyutha yobuchopho: Ukusiza ingqondo yomuntu ukuthi iguquke ngemishini

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• November 19, 2021

Cabanga ngezwe lapho imicabango yakho ingalawula imishini - leso isithembiso sobuchwepheshe be-brain-computer interface (BCI). Lobu buchwepheshe, obuhumusha izimpawu zobuchopho zibe yimiyalelo, bunamandla okuba nomthelela ezimbonini, kusukela kwezokuzijabulisa kuya ekunakekelweni kwezempilo ngisho nasekuvikelekeni komhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, ohulumeni namabhizinisi badinga ukuzulazula ezinseleleni zezimiso zokuziphatha nezokulawula ezethulayo, baqinisekise ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokuzibophezela nangokulinganayo.

Umongo wokuxhumana wekhompuyutha

I-brain-computer interface (BCI) ihumusha amasignali kagesi asuka kuma-neuron futhi iwahumushele emiyalweni engalawula indawo ezungezile. Ucwaningo lwango-2023 olushicilelwe ku Frontiers in Human Neuroscience igqamise intuthuko ku-closed-loop BCI, edlulisela amasignali obuchopho njengemiyalelo elawulwayo futhi inikeze impendulo ebuchosheni ukuze yenze imisebenzi ethile. Lesi sici sibonisa amandla aso ekuthuthukiseni izinga lempilo yeziguli ezihlushwa yi-neurodegenerative noma izifo zengqondo.

Onjiniyela bemishini e-Arizona State University basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-BCI ukulawula ama-drones ngokuwayala ngemicabango. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lubonisa amandla obuchwepheshe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusukela kwezokuzijabulisa kuye kwezokuvikela. Ngaleso sikhathi, ithimba labacwaningi e-Georgia Institute of Technology belihlola amagajethi e-electroencephalography (EEG) anethezekile, ahlala isikhathi eside, futhi asebenza ngempumelelo ukuze asetshenziswe abantu. Baxhume idivayisi yabo kugeyimu yevidiyo yento engekho ngokoqobo ukuze bahlole ubuchwepheshe, futhi amavolontiya alawula izenzo ekulingiseni esebenzisa imicabango yawo. Umshini wawunesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-93 ekuthatheni amasignali ngendlela efanele.

Ubuchwepheshe be-BCI buye bathola indlela yabo emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni izifo zemizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimeni zokuwa, iziguli zingakhetha ukufaka ama-electrode phezu kobuchopho bazo. Lawa ma-electrode angakwazi ukuchaza umsebenzi kagesi wobuchopho futhi abikezele ukuqala kokuquleka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Lesi sici sisiza iziguli ukuthi ziphuze imithi yazo ngesikhathi, simise isiqephu futhi sigcine ikhwalithi yokuphila engcono kakhulu.

Umthelela ophazamisayo 

Embonini yezokuzijabulisa, imidlalo yamavidiyo ingase ingalawuli nje izinto eziphathwa ngesandla kodwa iyona kanye imicabango yabadlali. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungase kuholele enkathini entsha yemidlalo lapho umugqa phakathi kwezinto ezibonakalayo nomhlaba wangempela uba lufifi, unikeze okuhlangenwe nakho okugxilile okungenakuqhathaniswa namazinga anamuhla. Lesi sici singase futhi sivule izindlela ezintsha zokuxoxwa kwezindaba nokudalwa kokuqukethwe, lapho abadali bengaklama ukuzizwisa okuphendula imicabango nemizwa yezithameli.

Emkhakheni wokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ubuchwepheshe be-BCI bungashintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela esibhekana ngayo nezifo ze-neurodegenerative nokukhubazeka ngokomzimba. Kulabo abanezimo ezifana nesifo sika-Huntington, ikhono lokuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo lingabuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa amadivaysi e-BCI, ukuthuthukisa izinga lawo lokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa ekuvuseleleni, kusize abantu ngabanye ukuthi baphinde balawule izitho zabo ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi noma ingozi.

Ngesilinganiso esikhulu, imithelela yobuchwepheshe be-BCI ekuvikelekeni komhlaba wonke ijulile. Ikhono lokulawula ama-drones nezinye izinhlelo zezikhali ngengqondo lingashintsha unomphela indlela okwenziwa ngayo impi. Lokhu kuthambekela kungase kuholele kumasu anembe kakhudlwana nasebenza ngempumelelo, kuncishiswe ubungozi bokulimala kwesibambiso kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuphepha kwabasebenzi. Nokho, lokhu futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yokuziphatha kanye nokulawula. Ohulumeni kuzodingeka basungule iziqondiso neziqondiso ezicacile zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kuhambisana nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu.

Imithelela yokuxhumana kobuchopho nekhompyutha

Imithelela ebanzi yama-BCI ingafaka: 

• Iziguli ezinokuphazamiseka kwemizwa zikwazi ukuxhumana nabanye ngemicabango yazo.
• Iziguli ezikhubazekile kanye ne-quadriplegic, kanye neziguli ezidinga izitho zokufakelwa, ezinezinketho ezintsha zokwandisa ukuhamba nokuzimela. 
• Amasosha asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-BCI ukuze axhumanise amaqhinga angcono phakathi kwabasebenzi, okuhlanganisa ukwazi ukulawula izimoto zabo zokulwa nezikhali bekude. 
• Okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda komuntu siqu, ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuqonda abafundi kanye namandla okuguqula indlela esibheka ngayo imfundo.
• Izimboni ezintsha namathuba emisebenzi kwezokunakekelwa kwempilo, ezokuzijabulisa, nezokuvikela.
• Ukusetshenziswa kabi kobuchwepheshe be-BCI ezinhlelweni zezempi okwandisa izinsongo zokuphepha emhlabeni wonke, okudinga imithetho eqinile yamazwe ngamazwe nokubambisana kwezombusazwe ukuze kuvinjelwe izingxabano ezingaba khona.
• Izinkampani ezisebenzisa i-BCI ukuze zihlasele abathengi ngezikhangiso ezingami nama-algorithms, okuholela ezingeni elijulile lokuphulwa kobumfihlo.
• Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingena emiqondweni yabantu, zisebenzisa imicabango yazo ukuzenza kabi, ukwenza imali ngokungemthetho, kanye nokweba imininingwane.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ucabanga ukuthi i-BCI tech izokwamukelwa ngokushesha kangakanani umphakathi jikelele? 
• Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi kuzoba nezinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo esintwini uma ukufakwa kobuchwepheshe be-BCI kuba yinto evamile?