Lapho idolobha liba umbuso

Lapho idolobha liba umbuso
ISIKWELETU SESITHOMBE: Manhattan Skyline

Lapho idolobha liba umbuso

    • Igama lombhali
      UFatima Sayed
    • Umbhali we-Twitter Handle
      @Quantumrun

    Indaba egcwele (KUPHELA sebenzisa inkinobho ethi 'Namathisela EZwini' ukuze ukopishe futhi unamathisele ngokuphephile umbhalo kudokhumenti ye-Word)

    I-Greater Shanghai inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20; IMexico City neMumbai ziyikhaya labantu abangaba izigidi ezingu-20 lilinye. Lamadolobha abe makhudlwana kunezizwe zonke emhlabeni futhi ayaqhubeka nokukhula ngesivinini esimangalisayo. Esebenza njengezikhungo eziyinhloko zezomnotho zomhlaba, futhi ehileleke ezingxoxweni zezombusazwe zezwe nezamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuphuka kwalawa madolobha kuphoqa ushintsho, noma umbuzo omncane kakhulu, ebudlelwaneni bawo namazwe akuwo.

    Amadolobha amaningi amakhulu emhlabeni namuhla asebenza ngokwehlukana nezwe lawo ngokwezomnotho; imifudlana eyinhloko yokutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe manje seyenzeka phakathi kwamadolobha amakhulu kunezizwe ezinkulu: eLondon kuya eNew York, eNew York kuya eTokyo, eTokyo kuya eSingapore.

     Umsuka wala mandla, vele, ukunwetshwa kwengqalasizinda. Usayizi wezindaba ku-geography namadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele akubonile lokhu. Bakhankasela ukukhushulwa kwamasheya esabelomali sikazwelonke ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kuthuthukiswe uhlaka oluqinile lwezokuthutha kanye nezindlu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesibalo sabantu basemadolobheni abakhulayo.

    Kulokhu, izindawo zedolobha zanamuhla zisikhumbuza isiko laseYurophu lezifunda zamadolobha njengeRoma, i-Athene, iSparta, neBabiloni, okwakuyizikhungo zamandla, isiko kanye nezohwebo.

    Ngaleso sikhathi, ukwanda kwamadolobha kwaphoqelela ukwanda kwezolimo nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Izikhungo zamadolobha zaba umsuka wokuchuma nokuhlala okujabulisayo njengoba abantu abaningi bekhangwa kuzo. Ngekhulu le-18, u-3% wabantu bomhlaba wawuhlala emadolobheni. Ngekhulu le-19 lokhu kukhuphuke kwafinyelela ku-14%. Ngo-2007 lesi sibalo senyuke safinyelela ku-50% futhi silinganiselwa ku-80% ngo-2050. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwesibalo sabantu ngokwemvelo kwakusho ukuthi amadolobha kufanele akhule abemakhulu futhi asebenze kangcono.

    Ukuguqula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamadolobha nezwe lawo

    Namuhla, amadolobha aphezulu angama-25 emhlabeni ahlanganisa ngaphezu kwengxenye yomcebo womhlaba. Amadolobha amahlanu amakhulu e-India nase-China manje ahlanganisa u-50% womcebo walawo mazwe. I-Nagoya-Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe e-Japan kulindeleke ukuthi ibe nenani labantu abayizigidi ezingu-60 ngo-2015 futhi izoba isizinda esisebenzayo sase-Japan ngenkathi umphumela ofanayo ngesilinganiso esikhulu nakakhulu uyenzeka ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezikhula ngokushesha njengaleyo ephakathi kwe-Mumbai. kanye noDelhi.

    Phakathi ku UkuzeEign Affairs isihloko esithi "Into Enkulu Elandelayo: I-Neomedievalism," u-Parag Khanna, uMqondisi we-Global Governance Initiative e-New America Foundation, uthi lo muzwa udinga ukubuya. “Namuhla nje izifunda ezingamadolobha ezingama-40 zenza izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomnotho womhlaba kanye namaphesenti angama-90 wokuqamba kwawo okusha,” uyaphawula, enezela ukuthi “Iqoqo lezinkanyezi elinamandla leHanseatic lezindawo zokuhweba ezihlome kahle zaseNyakatho neBaltic Sea ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, izozalwa kabusha njengoba amadolobha afana ne-Hamburg ne-Dubai enza imifelandawonye yezohwebo futhi asebenze “izindawo zamahhala” e-Afrika yonkana njengalawo akhiwa yi-Dubai Ports World. Ngeza ezimalini zengcebo ezizimele kanye nosonkontileka bezempi abazimele, futhi unamayunithi agugile wezwe le-neomedieval."

    Kulokhu, amadolobha ahlala eyisakhiwo sikahulumeni esifanele kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi ehlala abantu abaningi: inhloko-dolobha yaseSiriya iDamaseku ibilokhu ihlalwa kusukela ngo-6300 BCE. Ngenxa yalokhu kuvumelana, ukukhula, kanye nokucekeleka phansi kwakamuva kanye nokuncipha kokuphumelela kohulumeni bamazwe ngemva kokuwa komnotho womhlaba wonke, ukugxila emadolobheni kukhule nakakhulu. Indlela yokuvikela inani labantu abakhulayo kanye nawo wonke umnotho nepolitiki okudingayo, kuba yinkinga enkulu okufanele ixazululwe.

    Impikiswano imile ukuthi uma izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke - iqoqo lezinqubo ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe konke isizwe esikhundleni sesici esithile saso - iba isithiyo somgwaqo sezikhungo zasemadolobheni ezikhulayo njengeToronto neMumbai, ngakho-ke akufanele yini amadolobha afanayo avunyelwe ukuzimela kwawo?

    URichard Stren, uProfesa Emeritus eMnyangweni Wesayensi Yezombangazwe kanye Nesikole Senqubomgomo Yomphakathi Nokubusa e-University of Toronto, uchaza ukuthi “amadolobha [a]velele kakhulu ngoba ngokwesilinganiso sezwe lonke, amadolobha akhiqiza kakhulu. Bakhiqiza kakhulu umuntu ngamunye kunomkhiqizo womuntu ngamunye wesizwe. Ngakho-ke bangabeka ingxabano yokuthi bangabathuthukisi bomnotho wezwe.”

    Ku-1993 Izindaba Zangaphandle isihloko esinesihloko esithi “The Rise of the Region State”, kuphinde kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi “isifunda sezwe sesiphenduke ingxenye engasebenzi kahle yokuqonda nokulawula ukugeleza kwemisebenzi yezomnotho ebusa umhlaba wanamuhla ongenamngcele. Abenzi bezinqubomgomo, osopolitiki kanye nabaphathi bezinkampani bangazuza ngokubheka "izifundazwe" - izindawo zezomnotho zemvelo zomhlaba - noma ngabe ziwela ngaphakathi noma ngaphesheya kwemingcele yezepolitiki evamile."

    Ngabe kungaphikiswana ngokuthi kuningi kakhulu okwenzekayo eLondon naseShanghai ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke oyedwa asingathe ngokucophelela abakudingayo? Ngokuzimela, "izifunda-dolobha" zizokwazi ukugxila ezinzuzweni ezivamile zendawo yazo yabantu esikhundleni sezifunda ezibanzi lapho ezikhona.

    The Izindaba Zangaphandle i-athikili iphetha ngombono wokuthi “ngezikali zazo eziphumelelayo zokusetshenziswa, ingqalasizinda kanye nezinsizakalo ezichwepheshile, izifunda zenza izindlela ezikahle zokungena emnothweni womhlaba. Uma bevunyelwa ukuba baziphishekele izithakazelo zabo zezomnotho ngaphandle kokugxambukela kukahulumeni, ukuchuma kwalezi zindawo kuzogcina kuchitheka.”

    Kodwa-ke, uSolwazi Stren ugqamisa ukuthi umqondo wedolobha-dolobha “uyathakazelisa ukucabanga ngawo kodwa hhayi iqiniso elikhona manje,” ikakhulukazi ngoba ahlala elinganiselwe ngokomthethosisekelo. Uveza ukuthi iSigaba 92 (8) somthethosisekelo waseCanada sithi amadolobha angaphansi kwesifundazwe ngokuphelele.

    “Kunengxabano ethi iToronto kufanele ibe yisifundazwe ngoba ayitholi izinsiza ezanele esifundazweni, noma kuhulumeni wobumbano, ezidingayo ukuze isebenze kahle. Eqinisweni, ibuyisela okuningi kunalokho ekutholayo,” kuchaza uSolwazi Stren. 

    Kunobufakazi bokuthi amadolobha ayakwazi ukwenza izinto ohulumeni bezwe abangeke bazenze noma abangakwazi ukuzenza ezingeni lendawo. Ukwethulwa kwezindawo zokuminyana eLondon kanye nezintela zamafutha eNew York yizibonelo ezimbili ezinjalo. I-C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group iyinethiwekhi yamadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni athatha isinyathelo sokunciphisa imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ngisho nasemkhankasweni wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, amadolobha abamba iqhaza elibalulekile kunohulumeni bamazwe.

    Ukulinganiselwa kwamadolobha

    Nokho amadolobha asalokhu “eboshiwe endleleni esihlele ngayo imithetho-sisekelo nemithetho yethu ezimisweni eziningi emhlabeni,” kusho uProfesa Stren. Unikeza isibonelo soMthetho weDolobha laseToronto wango-2006 owawunikeza iToronto amandla athile eyayingenawo, njengokukwazi ukukhokhisa izintela ezintsha ukuze ifune imali emithonjeni emisha. Nokho, yenqatshwa iziphathimandla zesifundazwe.

    “Kuzodingeka sibe nesimiso esihlukile sikahulumeni nokulinganisela okuhlukile kwemithetho nezibopho ukuze [izifunda zamadolobha zibe khona],” kusho uProfesa Stren. Uyanezela ukuthi “kungenzeka. Amadolobha aya eba makhudlwana ngaso sonke isikhathi,” kodwa “umhlaba uyohluka lapho lokho kwenzeka. Mhlawumbe amadolobha azothatha amazwe. Mhlawumbe kunengqondo kakhulu.”

    Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amadolobha azimele ayingxenye yesistimu yomhlaba wonke namuhla. IVatican neMonaco amadolobha azimele. I-Hamburg ne-Berlin amadolobha nawo ayizifundazwe. I-Singapore mhlawumbe iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sesifunda-sesifundazwe sesimanje ngoba eminyakeni engamashumi amane nanhlanu, uhulumeni waseSingapore ukwazile ukuletha idolobha elikhulu ngempumelelo ngokuba nentshisekelo enkulu ezinhlelweni zenqubomgomo ezifanele ukwenza kanjalo. Namuhla yethula imodeli yesifunda sedolobha esikhiqize izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuphila e-Asia kubantu bakhona abahlukahlukene. U-65% wabo bonke abantu unokufinyelela ku-inthanethi futhi unomnotho wama-20 ngobukhulu emhlabeni one-GDP yesi-6 ephezulu kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye. Ifeze impumelelo enkulu emisha ezinhlelweni eziluhlaza njengamapaki e-eco namapulazi asemadolobheni aqondile, ihlale ibona imali enqwabelene yebhajethi, futhi inesilinganiso sempilo yesi-4 esiphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni.  

    Ingavinjelwe izibopho zombuso kanye nombuso futhi ikwazi ukuphendula ezidingweni ezisheshayo zezakhamizi zayo, i-Singapore idala ithuba lokuba amadolobha afana ne-New York, Chicago, London, Barcelona noma Toronto ahambe aye ohlangothini olufanayo. Ingabe amadolobha ekhulu lama-21 angakwazi ukuzimela? Noma ingabe iSingapore iyinto ehlukile, ekhishwe ezingxabanweni ezinkulu zobuzwe futhi yenziwa yaba nokwenzeka kuphela indawo eyisiqhingi?

    “Siya ngokuya sibona ukuthi zibaluleke kangakanani futhi zibaluleke kangakanani empilweni yethu yamasiko, impilo yethu yezenhlalo kanye nempilo yethu yezomnotho. Kudingeka sibanake kakhulu, kodwa angicabangi ukuthi izinga eliphezulu likahulumeni lingabavumela,” kusho uSolwazi Stren.

    Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi idolobha elikhulu elifana neToronto noma iShanghai liyindawo okugxilwe kuyo yesikhungo sikazwelonke esiguqukayo ngokwezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, isebenza njengeyunithi enenzuzo enkulu, esebenzayo futhi enengqondo yomkhakha kazwelonke. Ngaphandle kwaleli dolobha elikhulu, sonke isifundazwe, ngisho nesizwe uqobo, singaphenduka insalela.

    Amathegi
    Isigaba
    Amathegi
    Inkambu yesihloko