Ukudala isizukulwane sabantu be-bioengineered

Ukudala isizukulwane sabantu be-bioengineered
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Ukudala isizukulwane sabantu be-bioengineered

    • Igama lombhali
      Adeola Onafuwa
    • Umbhali we-Twitter Handle
      @deola_O

    Indaba egcwele (KUPHELA sebenzisa inkinobho ethi 'Namathisela EZwini' ukuze ukopishe futhi unamathisele ngokuphephile umbhalo kudokhumenti ye-Word)

    "Manje siklama futhi sishintsha izindlela zomzimba ezihlala emhlabeni wethu." - UPaul Root Wolpe.  

    Ungakwazi yini unjiniyela imininingwane yengane yakho? Ubungathanda ukuthi abe mude, abe nempilo enhle, ahlakaniphe, abe ngcono?

    I-Bioengineering ibilokhu iyingxenye yokuphila komuntu amakhulu eminyaka. 4000 - 2000 BC eGibhithe, i-bioengineering yaqala ukusetshenziswa ukubilisa isinkwa nokubilisa ubhiya kusetshenziswa imvubelo. Ngo-1322, isikhulu sama-Arabhu saqala ukusebenzisa isidoda sokwenziwa ukuze sikhiqize amahhashi aphakeme. Ngo-1761, sase sihlukaniselana ngempumelelo izitshalo zezitshalo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene.

    Isintu sathatha igxathu elikhulu ngoJulayi 5, 1996 e-Roslin Institute eScotland lapho uDolly imvu adalwa khona futhi waba ngowokuqala isilwane esincelisayo ukukhiqizwa ngempumelelo esitokisini esidala. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, saba nokulangazelela okwengeziwe ukuhlola umhlaba wokuhlanganisa okwaholela ekuhlanganiseni kokuqala kwenkomo kuseli yengane, ukuhlanganiswa kwembuzi kuseli ye-embryonic, ukuhlanganiswa kwezizukulwane ezintathu zamagundane kusukela ku-nuclei yesibeletho esikhulile. i-cumulus, kanye ne-cloning ye-Noto kanye ne-Kaga - izinkomo zokuqala ezenziwe ngamaseli ezivela kumaseli amadala.

    Sasithuthuka ngokushesha. Mhlawumbe ngokushesha kakhulu. Ukusheshisa phambili kuze kube manje, futhi umhlaba ubhekene namathuba amangalisayo emkhakheni we-bioengineering. Ithemba lokuklama izingane lingenye yezinto ezimangalisa kakhulu. Ososayensi baphikisa ngokuthi intuthuko ku-biotechnology inikeze amathuba adingeka kakhulu okulwa nezifo ezisongela ukuphila. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izifo ezithile kanye negciwane kungalapheka, kungavinjelwa ekubonakaleni kubabungazi.

    Manje, ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-germline therapy, abangase babe abazali banethuba lokushintsha i-DNA yenzalo yabo futhi bavimbele ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibulalayo. Ngendlela efanayo, abanye abazali bakhetha ukuhlupha izingane zabo ngokushiyeka okuthile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungase kubonakale kuyinqaba kangakanani. I-New York Times yanyathelisa isihloko esiningilizayo esibika indlela abanye abazali abakhetha ngayo ngamabomu izakhi zofuzo ezingasebenzi kahle ezikhiqiza ukukhubazeka okunjengokuba izithulu nobumfushane ukuze basize ukukhiqiza izingane ezifana nabazali bazo. Ingabe lokhu kuwumsebenzi wokunganaki okhuthaza ukukhubaza ngamabomu kwezingane, noma ingabe kuyisibusiso kulabo abazoba abazali nezingane zabo?

    U-Abiola Ogungbemile, unjiniyela wezokwelapha osebenza eSibhedlela Sezingane sase-Eastern Ontario, uzwakalise ukusabela okuhlukahlukene mayelana nezinqubo ze-bioengineering: “Ngezinye izikhathi, ngeke wazi ukuthi ucwaningo luzokuyisaphi. Iphuzu lobunjiniyela liwukwenza ukuphila kube lula futhi kuyenzeka ngokuyisisekelo kuhilela ukukhetha okubi okuncane. Kuwukuphila." U-Ogungbemile uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi nakuba i-bioengineering kanye nobunjiniyela be-biomedical kuyizinqubo ezihlukene, "kufanele kube nemingcele futhi kufanele kube nesakhiwo" esiqondisa imisebenzi yazo zombili lezi zindawo.

    Ukusabela Kwembulunga yonke

    Lo mbono wokudala abantu ngokuthandwa nguwe uvuse ingxubevange yokwethuka, ithemba, ukunengeka, ukudideka, ukwethuka kanye nokukhululeka emhlabeni wonke, abanye abantu befuna imithetho eqinile yokuziphatha ukuze iqondise umkhuba we-bioengineering, ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-in-vitro fertilization. Ingabe siyi-myopic noma kukhona isizathu sangempela sokuhlaba umkhosi ngombono wokudala "izingane eziklamayo?"

    Uhulumeni wase-China useqalile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezibonakalayo ukuze afeze umgomo wakhe wokwenza amamephu anemininingwane yofuzo lwabantu abahlakaniphile. Lokhu kuzothinta nakanjani ukuhleleka kwemvelo kanye nokulingana kokusatshalaliswa kobuhlakani. Umzamo wamabomu, ongenandaba nokuziphatha nezimiso zokuziphatha, futhi njengoba i-China Development Bank ixhasa lolu hlelo ngesamba esikhulu samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5, singaqiniseka ukuthi kuyindaba yesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba sibone inkathi entsha yobuhlakani obukhulu. abantu.

    Yebo, ababuthaka nabangenayo inhlanhla phakathi kwethu bangabhekana nobunzima nobandlululo ngenxa yalokho. Isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nomqondisi we-Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, uJames Hughes, uphikisa ngokuthi abazali banelungelo nenkululeko yokukhetha izici zengane yabo - izimonyo noma ngenye indlela. Le mpikiswano isekelwe embonweni wokuthi isifiso sokugcina sohlobo lwabantu siwukuthola ukuphelela nokusebenza okuyinhloko.

    Imali isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi kanye nokufaneleka kwezemfundo kwezingane ukuze zibe nempumelelo emphakathini. Izingane zibhalisele izifundo zomculo, izinhlelo zezemidlalo, amakilabhu e-chess, izikole zobuciko; lena yimizamo yabazali yokusiza izingane zabo ukuthi zithuthuke ekuphileni. UJames Hughes ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu akuhlukile ekuguquleni izakhi zofuzo zomntwana kanye nokufaka izici ezikhethiwe ezizothuthukisa ukukhula kwengane. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okonga isikhathi futhi abazali abangaba abazali ngokuyisisekelo banikeza izingane zabo isiqalo ekuphileni.

    Kodwa leli khanda eliqala lisho ukuthini esintwini sonke? Ingabe ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwenani labantu base-Eugenic? Singase sihlanganise ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu njengoba inqubo yokuguqulwa kofuzo okuzuzwa njengefa ngokungangabazeki kungaba ukunethezeka iningi labantu bomhlaba elingenakukwazi ukukukhokhela. Singase sibhekane nenkathi entsha lapho abacebile bengagcini nje ngokuba ngcono ngokwezimali kodwa nenzalo yabo ingaba nethuba elimangalisayo lokungalingani ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo - abaphathi abaguquliwe uma beqhathaniswa nabaphansi abangaguquki.

    Siwudweba kuphi umugqa phakathi kokuziphatha nesayensi? Ubunjiniyela babantu bezifiso zomuntu siqu buwubuchwepheshe obudlulele, ngokusho kukaMarcy Darnovsky, umqondisi omkhulu weCentre for Genetics and Society. "Ngeke sikwazi ngempela ukusho ukuthi kuphephile yini ngaphandle kokwenza ukuhlola kwabantu okungenasimilo. Futhi uma kusebenza, umqondo wokuthi kungase kufinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu ubalulekile."

    U-Richard Hayes, umqondisi omkhulu we-Centre for Genetics and Society, uyavuma ukuthi imiphumela yezobuchwepheshe ye-bioengineering engeyona eyezokwelapha izobukela phansi isintu futhi idale umjaho wamagundane we-techno-eugenic. Kodwa ukuxhashazwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa kubalele izingane ezizalwa ezingama-30 phakathi kuka-1997-2003. Kuyinqubo ehlanganisa i-DNA yabantu abathathu: umama, ubaba kanye nomnikeli wesifazane. Ishintsha ikhodi yofuzo ngokufaka izakhi zofuzo ezingenazo izifo ezivela kumnikeli, okuvumela ingane ukuba igcine izici zayo ezibonakalayo kubazali bayo kuyilapho ine-DNA yabo bonke abantu abathathu.

    Izinhlobo zabantu ezakhiwe ngofuzo zingase zingabi kude. Kufanele siqaphe siqhubekela phambili njengoba siphikisana ngalesi sifiso esingokwemvelo sokufuna ukuthuthukiswa nokuphelela ngezindlela ezibonakala zingezona ezemvelo ngokungavamile.

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