I-synthetic biology yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuklama izingxenye zokwenziwa zibe amangqamuzana aphilayo. Inkambu iyimpambano yebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, isayensi yekhompiyutha, kanye nekhemistri. Imigomo eyinhloko yebhayoloji yokwenziwa ihlanganisa ukufunda indlela yokwakha amaseli asebenza ngebhayoloji kusukela ekuqaleni, ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ikhemistri eyenza ukuphila kube nokwenzeka, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana kwethu namasistimu ebhayoloji ukuze kuzuze abantu kakhulu.
Okuqukethwe kwamaseli omklami
Ososayensi baye bachitha amashumi eminyaka bezama ukwenza ukuphila. Ngo-2016 bakha iseli yokwenziwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngeshwa, ingqamuzana lalinezindlela zokukhula ezingalindelekile—okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufunda. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2021 ososayensi bakwazile ukukhomba izakhi zofuzo eziyisikhombisa eziholela ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana okungaguquki—ukuqonda lezi zakhi zofuzo kubalulekile ukuze ososayensi bakhe amangqamuzana okwenziwa.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, enye intuthuko yesayensi yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushintsha amangqamuzana akhona ukuze asebenzise “imisebenzi yomklami.” Empeleni, i-synthetic biology ingenza lawa maseli azuze izimfanelo ezintsha ngokushintsha izindlela zokwenziwa kwamaprotheni.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuguqulweni kwamangqamuzana. I-Symbiogenesis iyitiyori eyamukelwa kakhulu yokuthi amaseli asebenza kanjani namuhla. Lo mbono ukholelwa ukuthi lapho amagciwane egilana eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule, amangqamuzana awazange agayeke. Kunalokho, bakha ubuhlobo obuzuzisayo, bakha ingqamuzana le-eukaryotic. Ingqamuzana le-eukaryotic linemishini eyinkimbinkimbi yokwakha amaprotheni engakha noma yimaphi amaprotheni afakwe ocingweni lwezakhi zofuzo zengqamuzana.
Ososayensi baseJalimane bafake ama-synthetic organelles angakwazi ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo zeseli zibe ikhodi yamaprotheni amasha ngokuphelele. Lokho kusho ukuthi ingqamuzana elakhiwe manje selingakwazi ukukhiqiza amaprotheni amanoveli ngaphandle koshintsho emisebenzini yalo evamile.
Umthelela Ophazamisayo
Uma ucwaningo lokwenziwa nokuguqulwa kwamangqamuzana okwenziwa luqhubeka nokukhiqiza imiphumela, amabhizinisi angase agxume ethubeni lokudayisa amaseli abaklami. Amaseli anjalo angase abe nezici ezifiselekayo ezihlelwe kuzo, njengekhono lokwenza i-photosynthesize. Ukusungulwa kwamangqamuzana abaklami kungase kudale insimu entsha enesidingo esandayo sokulawula ukwakheka kwethu kofuzo. Ngeshwa, amangqamuzana omuntu ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunamangqamuzana ebhaktheriya afundwe ososayensi kuze kube manje. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamaseli abaklami cishe kuzogunyazwa kuphela ukusetshenziswa okuphephile komuntu ngeminyaka yawo-2030.
Izicelo zamaseli abaklami
Amaseli abaklami angashintsha:
- Umkhakha wezolimo, ovumela ososayensi ukuthi banjiniyela izitshalo ezimelana nezinambuzane noma balawule umkhiqizo wezolimo.
- Imboni yezempilo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuklama amangqamuzana omuntu ukuze angavikeleki emiphumeleni yezimonyo yokuguga.
- Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezingelapheki ngokuqeqesha amangqamuzana omklami ukuthi akhiqize amaprotheni angekho ezifweni ezinjenge-cystic fibrosis.
- Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokwakha amangqamuzana omklami anezivikeli ezikhulayo ezinganikeza ukuvikeleka okusheshayo ezifweni eziningana ezithathelwanayo ngesikhathi.
Imibuzo ongaphawula ngayo
- Yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ongazicabanga zamaseli abaklami ezimbonini ezahlukene?
- Ucabanga ukuthi amangqamuzana abaklami ayasebenza ekuphishekeleni ukungafi?
