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Imishini yokufunda ingqondo ukuqeda ukugwetshwa okungalungile: Ikusasa lomthetho P2

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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Msombuluko, 09/14/2020 - 11:07

Okulandelayo ukurekhodwa okulalelwayo kokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ukucabanga (kuqala 00:25):

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Indaba engenhla iveza isimo esizayo lapho isayensi yezinzwa iphumelela ukuphelelisa ubuchwepheshe bokufunda imicabango. Njengoba ungase ucabange, lobu buchwepheshe buzoba nomthelela omkhulu esikweni lethu, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzelaneni kwethu namakhompiyutha, nomunye nomunye (i-digital-telepathy) kanye nomhlaba wonke (izinsizakalo zezokuxhumana ezisekelwe emicabangweni). Izophinde ibe nohlu lwezicelo kwezamabhizinisi kanye nokuphepha kwezwe. Kodwa mhlawumbe umthelela wayo omkhulu uzoba ohlelweni lwethu lwezomthetho.

Ngaphambi kokuthi singene singene kulo mhlaba omusha onesibindi, ake sibheke ngokushesha ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esedlule nesamanje kobuchwepheshe bokufunda imicabango ohlelweni lwethu lwezomthetho.

Ama-Polygraphs, umkhonyovu owakhohlisa uhlelo lwezomthetho

Umqondo wokusungulwa okwazi ukufunda izingqondo wethulwa okokuqala ngawo-1920. Okusunguliwe kwakuyi-polygraph, umshini owaklanywa uLeonard Keeler athi wawukwazi ukubona lapho umuntu eqamba amanga ngokulinganisa ukushintshashintsha kokuphefumula komuntu, umfutho wegazi, nokusebenza kwendlala yomjuluko. Njengoba uKeeler engenza fakaza enkantolo, ukusungula kwakhe kwaba ukunqoba kokutholwa kobugebengu besayensi.

Umphakathi wesayensi obanzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, usalokhu unokungabaza. Izinto ezihlukahlukene zingathinta ukuphefumula kwakho kanye nokushaya kwenhliziyo; ukuthi uthukile akusho ukuthi uqamba amanga.

Ngenxa yalokhu kungabaza, ukusetshenziswa kwe-polygraph ngaphakathi kwezinqubo zomthetho kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano. Ikakhulukazi, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yesiFunda sase-Columbia (US) yakha a izinga elisemthethweni ngo-1923 ebeka ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi besayensi obusha kufanele kube kwamukeleka jikelele emkhakheni wayo wesayensi ngaphambi kokuba kwamukelwe enkantolo. Leli zinga labuye lachithwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970 lapho kwamukelwa uMthetho 702 Imithetho Ebusayo Yobufakazi eyathi ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lobufakazi (ama-polygraphs afakiwe) kwakuvunyelwe inqobo nje uma ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusekelwe ubufakazi bochwepheshe abahloniphekile.

Kusukela lapho, i-polygraph isisetshenziswe kabanzi ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho eziningi, kanye nokudlalwa okujwayelekile kumadrama obugebengu e-TV adumile. Futhi nakuba abamelene nabo sebephumelele kancane kancane ekukhuthazeni ukuphela kokusetshenziswa kwayo (noma ukuhlukumeza), kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. izifundo eziqhubeka zibonisa ukuthi abantu abaxhunywe kumtshina wamanga kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi bavume izono kunokunye.

Ukutholwa kwamanga 2.0, i-fMRI

Nakuba isithembiso sama-polygraphs sesigugile kubasebenzi bezomthetho abaningi ababucayi, akusho ukuthi isidingo somshini othembekile wokuthola amanga sesiphelile ngakho. Ngokuphambene nalokho. Intuthuko eminingi ku-neuroscience, ehlanganiswe nama-algorithms ekhompiyutha anemininingwane, anikwa amandla amakhompiyutha amakhulu abiza ngendlela emangalisayo enza isimangaliso emkhankasweni wokubona amanga ngokwesayensi.

Isibonelo, izifundo zocwaningo, lapho abantu bacelwa ukuba benze izitatimende eziyiqiniso nezikhohlisayo ngenkathi behlolwa nge-MRI (fMRI) esebenzayo, bathola ukuthi ubuchopho babantu bukhiqiza imisebenzi eminingi yengqondo lapho beqamba amanga ngokuphambene nokukhuluma iqiniso—qaphela ukuthi lokhu ukwanda komsebenzi wobuchopho kuhlukanisiwe ngokuphelele nokuphefumula komuntu, umfutho wegazi, nokusebenza kwendlala yomjuluko, izimpawu ezilula zebhayoloji ama-polygraphs ancike kuzo.

Nakuba ikude nokungabi nangqondo, le miphumela yokuqala iholela abacwaningi ekucabangeni ukuthi ukuqamba amanga, umuntu kufanele acabange ngeqiniso kuqala bese esebenzisa amandla engqondo engeziwe ekuguqulela kokunye ukulandisa, ngokuphambene nesinyathelo esisodwa sokukhuluma iqiniso. . Lo msebenzi owengeziwe uqondisa ukugeleza kwegazi endaweni yobuchopho engaphambili enesibopho sokudala izindaba, indawo engavamile ukusetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa iqiniso, futhi yilokhu kugeleza kwegazi okungatholwa yi-fMRIs.

Enye indlela yokuthola amanga ihlanganisa isofthiwe yokuthola amanga ehlaziya ividiyo yomuntu okhulumayo bese ikala ukuhluka okucashile kwephimbo lakhe kanye nokuthinta kobuso nomzimba ukuze kutholwe ukuthi umuntu uqamba amanga yini. Imiphumela yasekuqaleni yathola ukuthi isofthiwe yayinembe ngamaphesenti angu-75 ekutholeni inkohliso uma iqhathaniswa nabantu ngamaphesenti angu-50.

Futhi noma ngabe lezi zintuthuko zihlaba umxhwele kangakanani, ziba mnyama uma ziqhathaniswa nalokho okuzokwethulwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-2030.

Ukuhlaziya imicabango yabantu

Kuxoxwe okokuqala kweyethu Ikusasa Lamakhompyutha uchungechunge, uguquko olushintsha umdlalo luyavela ngaphakathi kwenkambu ye-bioelectronics: lubizwa nge-Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). Lobu buchwepheshe buhilela ukusebenzisa i-implant noma idivayisi yokuskena ubuchopho ukuze kuqashwe amaza obuchopho bakho futhi siwahlobanise nemiyalo yokulawula noma yini eqhutshwa ikhompuyutha.

Eqinisweni, kungenzeka awukaqapheli, kodwa izinsuku zokuqala ze-BCI seziqalile. Abanqanyuliwe manje ukuhlola izitho zerobhothi kulawulwa ingqondo ngokuqondile, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izinzwa ezinamathele esiphunzini somuntu osigqokile. Ngokunjalo, abantu abakhubazeke kakhulu (njengama-quadriplegics) bakhona manje usebenzisa i-BCI ukuqondisa izihlalo zabo ezinamasondo ezinenjini futhi usebenzise izingalo zamarobhothi. Kodwa ukusiza abanqanyulwe isitho kanye nabantu abakhubazekile baphile izimpilo ezizimele akusilo izinga lalokho i-BCI ezokwazi ukukwenza. Nalu uhlu olufushane lokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo manje:

Ukulawula izinto. Abacwaningi babonise ngempumelelo ukuthi i-BCI ingavumela kanjani abasebenzisi ukulawula imisebenzi yasendlini (ukukhanyisa, amakhethini, izinga lokushisa), kanye nohlu lwamanye amadivaysi nezimoto. Buka ividiyo yomboniso.

Ukulawula izilwane. Ilebhu ihlole ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa kwe-BCI lapho umuntu ekwazile ukwenza a Lab rat unyakazisa umsila esebenzisa imicabango yakhe kuphela.

Ubuchopho-kuya-umbhalo. Amaqembu ku US futhi Germany bakha uhlelo oluhlukanisa amaza obuchopho (imicabango) abe umbhalo. Ukuhlola kokuqala kuphumelele, futhi bathemba ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe ngeke busize umuntu ovamile nje kuphela kodwa futhi bunikeze abantu abakhubazeke kakhulu (njengesazi sesayensi yemvelo esaziwayo, uStephen Hawking) ikhono lokuxhumana nomhlaba kalula. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyindlela yokwenza i-monolog yangaphakathi yomuntu izwakale.

Ubuchopho-kuya-ubuchopho. Ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lososayensi lakwazi ukulingisa i-telepathy ngokuba nomuntu oyedwa ovela eNdiya acabange igama elithi "sawubona," futhi nge-BCI, lelo gama laguqulwa lisuka kumagagasi obuchopho layiswa kukhodi kanambambili, labe selithunyelwa nge-imeyili eFrance, lapho leyo khodi kanambambili yaguqulwa yaba amaza obuchopho, ukuze ibonwe ngumuntu owamukelayo. . Ukuxhumana kobuchopho nobuchopho, bantu!

Ukuqopha izinkumbulo. Amavolontiya acelwa ukuba akhumbule ifilimu yawo ayintandokazi. Bese, besebenzisa izikena ze-fMRI ezihlaziywe nge-algorithm ethuthukisiwe, abacwaningi baseLondon bakwazi ukubikezela ngokunembile ukuthi iyiphi ifilimu amavolontiya ayecabanga ngayo. Usebenzisa le nqubo, umshini wawukwazi nokuqopha izinombolo amavolontiya aboniswe ekhadini ngisho nezinhlamvu lowo muntu ayehlela ukuzibhala.

Ukuqopha amaphupho. Abacwaningi baseBerkeley, eCalifornia, benze intuthuko emangalisayo ekuguquleni amagagasi engqondo abe yizithombe. Izihloko zokuhlolwa zethulwe ngochungechunge lwezithombe ngenkathi zixhunywe kuzinzwa ze-BCI. Lezo zithombe ezifanayo zabe zakhiwa kabusha esikrinini sekhompyutha. Izithombe ezakhiwe kabusha bezinobukhazikhazi kodwa zinikezwe cishe iminyaka eyishumi yesikhathi sokuthuthuka, lobu bufakazi bomqondo ngelinye ilanga buzosivumela ukuthi silahle ikhamera yethu ye-GoPro noma siqophe amaphupho ethu.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-2040, isayensi izobe isizuze impumelelo yokuguqula ngokuthembekile imicabango ibe eye-elekthronikhi kanye noziro. Uma lesi senzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando sesifinyelelwe, ukufihla imicabango yakho emthethweni kungase kube yilungelo elilahlekile, kodwa ingabe kuyosho ukuphela kwamanga namaqiniso?

Okuhlekisayo ngemibuzo

Kungase kuzwakale kungenangqondo, kodwa kungenzeka ukukhuluma iqiniso kuyilapho ungalungile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenzeka njalo ngobufakazi bofakazi bokuzibonela. Ofakazi bobugebengu bavame ukugcwalisa izingcezu ezilahlekile zenkumbulo yabo ngolwazi abakholelwa ukuthi lunembile ngokuphelele kodwa kugcine kungamanga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idida indlela yemoto yokubaleka, ukuphakama kwesigebengu, noma isikhathi sobugebengu, imininingwane enjalo ingenza noma igqekeze ecaleni kodwa futhi kulula ngomuntu ovamile ukuba adideke.

Ngokufanayo, uma amaphoyisa eletha umsolwa ukuze amphenye, akhona inqwaba yamaqhinga angokwengqondo bangasebenzisa ukuze baqinisekise ukuvuma izono. Kodwa-ke, nakuba amaqhinga anjalo efakazele ukuphinda kabili isibalo sokuvuma izono ngaphambi kwenkantolo evela ezigebengwini, futhi aphinda kathathu isibalo sabangewona ubugebengu abavuma amanga. Eqinisweni, abanye abantu bangazizwa bedidekile, bethukile, besaba futhi bethuswe ngamaphoyisa nangamaqhinga athuthukile okuphenya kangangokuthi bazovuma amacala abangawenzanga. Lesi simo sivame kakhulu lapho usebenza nabantu abahlushwa uhlobo oluthile lwesifo sengqondo noma olunye.

Uma kubhekwa leli qiniso, ngisho nomtshina wamanga wesikhathi esizayo onembe kakhulu ungase ungakwazi ukunquma lonke iqiniso ebufakazini obunikeziwe bomsolwa (noma imicabango). Kodwa kukhona ukukhathazeka okukhulu nakakhulu kunekhono lokufunda izingqondo, futhi lokho uma kusemthethweni.

Ukuba semthethweni kokufunda umcabango

E-US, Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu sithi "akekho umuntu ... oyophoqwa kunoma yiliphi icala lobugebengu ukuthi abe ufakazi ngokumelene naye." Ngamanye amazwi, awuphoqelekile ukuthi ukhulume noma yini emaphoyiseni noma ezinqumweni zenkantolo ezingazibeka icala. Lesi simiso sihlanganyelwa izizwe eziningi ezilandela isimiso somthetho saseNtshonalanga.

Kodwa-ke, ingabe lesi simiso somthetho singaqhubeka sikhona esikhathini esizayo lapho ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ngemicabango buba yinto evamile? Ingabe kunendaba ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula lapho abaphenyi bamaphoyisa besikhathi esizayo bengasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze bafunde imicabango yakho?

Abanye ochwepheshe bezomthetho bakholelwa ukuthi lesi simiso sisebenza kuphela ekuxhumaneni kobufakazi okushiwo ngomlomo, okushiya imicabango ekhanda lomuntu ukuthi kube ukubusa okukhululekile ukuze uhulumeni aphenye. Uma ngabe lokhu kuhumusha bekungaphikiswa, singabona ikusasa lapho iziphathimandla zingathola khona incwadi egunyaza ukusesha imicabango yakho.

Ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ngemicabango ezinkantolo ezizayo

Uma kubhekwa izinselelo zobuchwepheshe ezihilelekile ekufundeni umcabango, uma kubhekwa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bungakwazi kanjani ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamanga namanga, futhi uma kubhekwa ukwephulwa kwawo okungahle kube nokuphulwa kwelungelo lomuntu lokuzibopha ngecala, mancane amathuba okuthi noma yimuphi umshini wokufunda umcabango wesikhathi esizayo uzophumelela. avunyelwe ukulahla umuntu ngecala ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yakhe.

Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ucwaningo oluqhubeka kahle kulo mkhakha, kuyindaba yesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba lobu buchwepheshe bube ngokoqobo, obusekelwa umphakathi wesayensi. Uma lokhu sekwenzekile, ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ngemicabango okungenani buyoba ithuluzi elamukelekayo elizosetshenziswa abaphenyi bobugebengu ukuze bathole ubufakazi obubambekayo obusekelayo abangabusebenzisa abameli bakusasa ukuze bathole ukuboshwa noma ukufakazela ubumsulwa bothile.

Ngamanye amazwi, ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ukucabanga angeke buvunyelwe ukulahla umuntu yedwa, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungenza ukuthola isibhamu sokubhema kube lula futhi kusheshe.

Isithombe esikhulu sobuchwepheshe bokufunda umcabango emthethweni

Ekupheleni kosuku, ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ngemicabango buzoba nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene kulo lonke uhlelo lwezomthetho.

Lobu buchwepheshe buzothuthukisa kakhulu izinga lempumelelo lokuthola ubufakazi obubalulekile.
Kuzonciphisa kakhulu ukusabalala kwamacala okukhwabanisa.
Ukukhethwa kwamajaji kungathuthukiswa ngokususa ngempumelelo ukwenzelela kulabo abakhethiwe banqume isiphetho sommangalelwa.
Ngokufanayo, lobu buchwepheshe buzonciphisa kakhulu izehlakalo zokugwetshwa kwabantu abangenacala.
Izothuthukisa izinga lokuxazululwa kokuhlukunyezwa kwasekhaya okwenyukayo kanye nezimo zezingxabano okunzima ukuzixazulula, esho izinsolo.
Umhlaba wezinkampani uzosebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe kakhulu lapho uxazulula izingxabano ngokulamula.
Amacala ezinkantolo zezimangalo ezincane azoxazululwa ngokushesha.
Ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ngemicabango bungase buthathe indawo yobufakazi be-DNA njengempahla eyinhloko yokugwetshwa ngokunikezwa okutholakele kwakamuva okufakazela ukungathembeki kwayo okukhulayo.

Ezingeni lomphakathi, uma nje umphakathi kabanzi sewazi ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bukhona futhi busetshenziswa kakhulu yiziphathimandla, buzovimba izenzo zobugebengu eziningi ngaphambi kokuba zenziwe. Impela, lokhu kuphinde kuveze ngodaba lokweqisa okungaba khona kwe-Big Brother, kanye nesikhala esinciphayo sobumfihlo bomuntu siqu, kodwa lezo yizihloko zochungechunge lwethu oluzayo Lwekusasa Lobumfihlo. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izahluko ezilandelayo zochungechunge lwethu lwekusasa Lomthetho zizohlola ukusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo komthetho, okungukuthi amarobhothi agweba abantu ngamacala.