Molekyu yatsopano yokulitsa mphamvu ya dzuwa

Sikuti dzuŵa ndilo gwero lamphamvu kwambiri la mphamvu zodziŵika kwa munthu, likhoza kupangidwanso kosatha, malinga ngati likadalipobe. Imapitirizabe kupanga mphamvu zochuluka modabwitsa tsiku ndi tsiku, mvula kapena kuwala. Mphamvu za dzuwa zimatha kusonkhanitsidwa ndikusungidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa sikutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Chifukwa chazifukwa izi, mphamvu ya dzuwa ikukhala yosankhidwa kwambiri ngati gwero lalikulu la mphamvu zowonjezera. Ndi nthawi yokhayo mpaka umunthu utapeza njira zogwiritsira ntchito bwino mphamvu za dzuwa - monga zatsopano zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa.

Kuwongolera kuwala kwa dzuwa

Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya mphamvu ya dzuwa: photovoltaics (PV), ndi concentrated solar power (CSP), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphamvu ya kutentha kwa dzuwa. Photovoltaics amasintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ma cell a solar mu solar panels. Mphamvu ya dzuwa imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa kutenthetsa madzi omwe amatulutsa nthunzi ndikupatsa mphamvu makina opangira magetsi kuti apange mphamvu. PV pakadali pano ili ndi 98% ya mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe CSP ndi 2% yotsalira.

PV ndi CSP zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mmene amagwiritsidwira ntchito, mphamvu imene amapangidwa, ndi zipangizo zimene amagwiritsira ntchito pomanga. Mphamvu ya mphamvu yomwe imapangidwa ndi PV imakhalabe nthawi zonse ndi kukula kwa solar panel, kutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kakang'ono pamwamba pa gulu lalikulu la dzuwa sikudzawonjezera mphamvu yopangira mphamvu. Izi ndichifukwa cha zigawo za Balance-of-System (BOS) zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu mapanelo adzuwa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zida, mabokosi ophatikizira, ndi ma inverters.

Ndi CSP, chachikulu ndi bwino. Pamene imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kochokera ku cheza cha dzuŵa, kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe kungasonkhanitsidwe kumakhala bwinoko. Dongosololi ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi malo opangira magetsi amafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti CSP imagwiritsa ntchito magalasi omwe amawonetsa kutentha kuchokera ku dzuwa kupita kumadzi otentha (m'malo moyaka malasha kapena gasi), omwe amapanga nthunzi kuti atembenuze ma turbines. Izi zimapangitsanso CSP kukhala yoyenera kwa zomera zosakanizidwa, monga turbine ya gasi (CCGT), yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi gasi kutembenuza ma turbines, kupanga mphamvu. Ndi CSP, mphamvu yochokera ku mphamvu yadzuwa yomwe ikubwera imatulutsa magetsi okwana 16% okha. Kutulutsa mphamvu kwa CCGT kumabweretsa ~ 55% magetsi onse, kuposa CSP yokha.

Kuyambira pa chiyambi chochepa

Anders Bo Skov ndi Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen ochokera ku yunivesite ya Copenhagen akuyesera kupanga molekyulu yomwe imatha kukolola, kusunga, ndi kutulutsa mphamvu ya dzuwa bwino kwambiri kuposa PV kapena CSP. Pogwiritsa ntchito dihydroazulene/vinyl hepta fulvene system, DHA/VHF mwachidule, awiriwa apita patsogolo kwambiri pakufufuza kwawo. Vuto limodzi lomwe adakumana nalo poyambilira linali loti mphamvu yosungiramo mamolekyu a DHA/VHF itakula, mphamvu yosunga mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali idachepa. Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen, pulofesa wa Dipatimenti ya Chemistry, anati: "Mosasamala kanthu za zomwe tinachita kuti tipewe, mamolekyu amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo ndikumasula mphamvu yosungidwa patangotha ​​ola limodzi kapena awiri. Kupambana kwa Anders kunali kuti adatha kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mu molekyulu yomwe imatha kusunga mawonekedwe ake kwa zaka zana. Vuto lathu lokhalo tsopano ndi momwe timapezera kuti titulutsenso mphamvu. Molekyuyo sikuwoneka kuti ikufuna kusinthanso mawonekedwe ake.

Popeza mawonekedwe a molekyulu yatsopanoyo ndi yokhazikika amatha kusunga mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso imapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwira nayo ntchito. Pali malire ongoyerekeza a kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe gawo la mamolekyu lingagwire, izi zimatchedwa mphamvu yamagetsi. Mwachidziwitso 1 kilogalamu (2.2 pounds) ya otchedwa "molekyu yangwiro" ikhoza kusunga 1 megajoule ya mphamvu, kutanthauza kuti ikhoza kusunga kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndikumasula ngati kuli kofunikira. Izi ndi mphamvu zokwanira kutenthetsa malita atatu (3 galoni) amadzi kuchokera ku firiji kufika kuwira. Zomwezo za mamolekyu a Skov amatha kutentha 0.8 milliliters (750 malita) kuchokera ku firiji mpaka kuwira mu mphindi zitatu, kapena malita 3.2 (magaloni 3) mu ola limodzi. Ngakhale kuti mamolekyu a DHA / VHF sangathe kusunga mphamvu zambiri monga "molekyu yangwiro" ingathe, ndi ndalama zambiri.

Sayansi kumbuyo kwa molekyulu

Dongosolo la DHA/VHF limapangidwa ndi mamolekyu awiri, DHA, ndi VHF. Molekyu ya DHA imayang'anira kusunga mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndipo VHF imatulutsa. Amachita izi posintha mawonekedwe akamayambitsidwa ndi zokopa zakunja, pamenepa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha. DHA ikakhala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa imasunga mphamvu ya dzuwa, potero molekyulu imasintha mawonekedwe ake kukhala mawonekedwe a VHF. Pakapita nthawi, VHF imasonkhanitsa kutentha, ikasonkhanitsa mokwanira imabwereranso ku mawonekedwe ake a DHA ndikutulutsa mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Kumapeto kwa tsikulo

Anders Bo Skov ali wokondwa kwambiri ndi molekyulu yatsopano, ndipo ali ndi chifukwa chomveka. Ngakhale kuti sangathe kumasula mphamvu mpaka pano, Skov akuti "Pankhani yosunga mphamvu ya dzuwa, mpikisano wathu waukulu umachokera ku mabatire a lithiamu-ion, ndipo lithiamu ndi chitsulo chakupha. Molekyu yanga imatulutsa ngakhale CO2, kapena mankhwala ena aliwonse akamagwira ntchito. Ndi 'kuwala kwa dzuwa ku-power out'. Ndipo molekyuyo ikatha tsiku lina, imawonongeka kukhala mtundu womwe umapezekanso m’maluwa a chamomile.” Sikuti molekyu imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mpweya wowonjezera kutentha pang'ono panthawi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene pamapeto pake imaipitsa kukhala mankhwala osagwira ntchito omwe amapezeka mwachibadwa m'chilengedwe.