Kupititsa patsogolo kwa Supercomputing: kugwiritsa ntchito ma neuromorphic Optical network

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, machitidwe omwe kale anali odziwika bwino komanso olondola, Chilamulo cha Moore, chonenedweratu ndi Gordon Moore wa IBM mu 1965, tsopano chayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono pakugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Lamulo la Moore linaneneratu kuti pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zilizonse chiwerengero cha ma transistors mu gawo lophatikizika chidzawirikiza kawiri, kuti padzakhala ma transistors ochulukirapo m'malo omwewo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma computation achuluke komanso magwiridwe antchito apakompyuta. Mu April 2005, poyankhulana, Gordon Moore mwiniwakeyo adanena kuti zomwe akuganiza sizikhalanso zokhazikika: "Potengera kukula kwa [ma transistors] mukhoza kuona kuti tikuyandikira kukula kwa maatomu omwe ndi chotchinga chachikulu, koma kudzakhala mibadwo iwiri kapena itatu tisanafike mpaka pamenepo—komatu ndi kutali kwambiri ndi mmene takhala tikuonera. Tili ndi zaka zina 10 mpaka 20 tisanafike malire.”   

Ngakhale lamulo la Moore liyenera kugwera kumapeto, zizindikiro zina zamakompyuta zikuwona kukwera kwa magwiridwe antchito. Ndi ukadaulo womwe timagwiritsa ntchito pamoyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, tonse titha kuwona momwe makompyuta akucheperachepera komanso kuti mabatire a chipangizocho amakhala nthawi yayitali komanso yayitali. Kachitidwe kotsiriza ka mabatire kumatchedwa Koomey's Law, yotchedwa pulofesa wa pa yunivesite ya Stanford Jonathan Koomey. Lamulo la Koomey limaneneratu kuti "... pa katundu wokhazikika wa kompyuta, kuchuluka kwa batire yomwe mukufuna kudzatsika ndi ziwiri chaka chilichonse ndi theka." Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakompyuta kumachulukirachulukira pafupifupi miyezi 18 iliyonse. Chifukwa chake, zomwe machitidwe onsewa ndi zosintha zikulozera ndikuwulula ndi tsogolo la makompyuta.

Tsogolo la makompyuta

Tafika nthawi m'mbiri yomwe tikuyenera kutanthauziranso makompyuta popeza zomwe zidanenedweratu zaka makumi angapo zapitazo sizikugwiranso ntchito. Komanso, pamene makompyuta amakankhira ku nano ndi quantum masikelo, pali zofooka zakuthupi ndi zovuta zomwe zikubwera. Mwinanso kuyesa kodziwika kwambiri pa supercomputing, quantum computing, kuli ndi vuto lodziwikiratu logwiritsa ntchito kuphatikizika kwachulukidwe kofananira, ndiko kuti, kuchita mawerengedwe asanadutse quantum. Komabe, ngakhale pali zovuta zamakompyuta a quantum pakhala kupita patsogolo kwambiri zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Munthu atha kupeza zitsanzo zamapangidwe apakompyuta a John von Neumann omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta ya quantum. Koma pali malo ena osadziwika bwino a (super) computing, otchedwa neuromorphic computing omwe samatsatira zomangamanga za von Neumann. 

Neuromorphic computing inkaganiziridwa ndi pulofesa wa Caltech Carver Mead mmbuyo mu pepala lake la seminal mu 1990. Kwenikweni, mfundo za neuromorphic computing zimachokera ku mfundo zamoyo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ubongo waumunthu powerengera. Kusiyana kwachidule pakati pa chiphunzitso cha neuromorphic computing ndi chiphunzitso cha von Neumann computing chinafotokozedwa mwachidule m'nkhani ya Don Monroe Association for Machining Makina magazini. Mawuwo amapita motere: "Muzomangamanga za von Neumann, maziko amphamvu (kapena angapo ofanana) amagwira ntchito motsatizana pazidziwitso zomwe zatengedwa kukumbukira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, computing ya 'neuromorphic' imagawa zonse ziŵiri zoŵerengera ndi kukumbukira pakati pa 'manyuroni' akale kwambiri, iliyonse imalumikizana ndi mazana kapena masauzande a ma neuroni ena kudzera mu 'ma synapses.'”  

Zina zazikulu za computing ya neuromorphic ndikuphatikizira kusalolera zolakwika, zomwe cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa kuthekera kwaubongo wamunthu kutaya ma neuron ndikutha kugwira ntchito. Mofananamo, mu makompyuta achikhalidwe kutayika kwa transistor imodzi kumakhudza kugwira ntchito bwino. Ubwino wina wolingaliridwa komanso wopangidwa ndi neuromorphic computing palibe chifukwa chokonzekera; cholinga chomaliza ichi ndikutengeranso luso la ubongo wa munthu pophunzira, kuyankha ndi kuzolowera ma sigino. Chifukwa chake, computing ya neuromorphic pakadali pano ndiyo yabwino kwambiri yophunzirira makina ndi ntchito zanzeru zopanga. 

Kupititsa patsogolo kwa neuromorphic supercomputing

Nkhani yonseyi ifotokoza zakupita patsogolo kwa neuromorphic supercomputing. Makamaka, kafukufuku wofalitsidwa posachedwa pa Arxiv kuchokera ku Alexander Tait et. al. kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Princeton ikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe a silicon-based photonic neural network amapambana njira yodziwika bwino yamakompyuta pafupifupi 2000-fold. Pulatifomu yapakompyuta iyi ya neuromorphic imatha kupangitsa kuti zidziwitso zizichitika mwachangu. 

The Tait et. al. pepala lamutu Neuromorphic Silicon Photonics imayamba kufotokoza zabwino ndi zoyipa zogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa ma electromagnetic pamakompyuta. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zoyamba za pepalali ndizoti kuwala kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofalitsa uthenga koma osati pakusintha chidziwitso, mwachitsanzo digito optical computing. Momwemonso, ku computing ya quantum, pali zovuta zakuthupi pamakompyuta a digito optical. Pepalalo limalowa mwatsatanetsatane wa nsanja yapakompyuta yotchedwa neuromorphic photonic computing ya Tait et. al. gulu lofalitsidwa mu 2014, lotchedwa Kuwulutsa ndi kulemera: Netiweki yophatikizika ya scalable photonic spike processing. Pepala lawo latsopano likufotokoza zotsatira za chiwonetsero choyamba choyesera cha integrated photonic neural network. 

Mu "kuwulutsa ndi kulemera" makompyuta zomangamanga, "node" amapatsidwa wapadera "wavelength chonyamulira" kuti ndi "wavelength division multiplexed (WDM)" ndiyeno kuulutsidwa ku "node" ena. "Node" pamapangidwe awa amayenera kutsanzira machitidwe a neuron muubongo wamunthu. Kenako ma siginecha a “WDM” amasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimatchedwa “microring (MRR) weight banks” ndiyeno zimafupikitsidwa ndi magetsi kuti zizindikire kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Kusagwirizana kwa kusintha komaliza kwa electro-optic / computation ndiko kusagwirizana komwe kumafunikira kutsanzira magwiridwe antchito a neuron, kofunikira pamakompyuta pansi pa mfundo za neuromorphic. 

Mu pepalali, akukambirana kuti ma electro-optic transformation transformation dynamically awa amatsimikiziridwa ndi masamu ofanana ndi "2-node continuous-time recurrent neural network" (CTRNN) chitsanzo. Zotsatira zaupainiyazi zikuwonetsa kuti zida zamapulogalamu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu ya CTRNN zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapulatifomu a silicon-based neuromorphic. Kupeza uku kumatsegula njira yosinthira njira ya CTRNN kukhala neuromorphic silicon photonics. M'mapepala awo, amachitanso chimodzimodzi pamapangidwe awo a "kuwulutsa ndi kulemera". Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mtundu wa CTRNN wofananira pamapangidwe awo a 49-node umatulutsa ma neuromorphic computing architecture kuti apititse patsogolo zitsanzo zamakompyuta akale ndi ma 3 oda kukula.