Kusungirako kwapopu yamadzi: Kusintha makina opangira magetsi a Hydro

• Author:
• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• July 11, 2022

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Kusintha migodi yakale ya malasha kukhala mabatire a mafakitale pogwiritsa ntchito pumped hydro storage (PHS) ndi njira yomwe ikukwera ku China, yomwe ikupereka njira yapadera yosungiramo mphamvu ndi kupanga magetsi. Njirayi, ngakhale ikulonjeza kuti imathandizira kukhazikika kwa gridi ndikuthandizira magwero amagetsi ongowonjezedwanso, ikukumana ndi zovuta monga madzi acidic omwe amatha kuwononga zomangamanga. Kukonzanso kwa migodi yotsekedwa kuti asungire mphamvu sikungothandiza kuchepetsa kudalira mafuta otsalira komanso kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon komanso kumatsitsimutsa chuma cha m'deralo popanga ntchito ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu zokhazikika.

Pompopompo hydro yosungirako

Asayansi a ku yunivesite ya Chongqing ya ku China ndi kampani yazachuma yaku China ya Shaanxi Investment Group akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito mbuzi za migodi ya malasha zomwe sizikhala ndi anthu (mbali ya mgodi kumene mchere wachotsedwa kwathunthu kapena mochulukira) kuti ukhale ngati mabatire akumafakitale. Migodi iyi imatha kukhala ngati matanki osungira kumtunda ndi pansi pamadzi osungiramo madzi opopera ndikulumikizidwa ndi mapulojekiti akuluakulu adzuwa ndi mphepo.

Pumped hydro storage (PHS) imayendetsa madzi pakati pa madamu awiri pamtunda wosiyana kuti asunge ndi kupanga magetsi. Magetsi ochulukirachulukira amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopa madzi kupita kumalo osungira chapamwamba panthawi yomwe magetsi sagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, monga usiku kapena Loweruka ndi Lamlungu. Pakafunika mphamvu zambiri, madzi osungidwawo amatulutsidwa kudzera m'ma turbines ngati gwero lakale la hydro, akuyenda kutsika kuchokera kumalo okwera kupita kudziwe lakumunsi, ndikupanga magetsi. The turbine angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati mpope kusuntha madzi m'mwamba.
 
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa yunivesite ndi bungwe la Investment, migodi ya malasha 3,868 yotsekedwa ku China ikuganiziridwa kuti ipangidwenso ngati njira zosungiramo madzi. Kuyerekeza pogwiritsa ntchito mtunduwu kunawonetsa kuti chomera chopopera madzi chomangidwira mumgodi wa malasha wotheratu chikhoza kukwaniritsa bwino chaka ndi 82.8 peresenti. Zotsatira zake, ma kilowatts a 2.82 a mphamvu zoyendetsedwa pa kiyubiki mita amatha kupangidwa. Vuto lalikulu ndi kuchepa kwa pH m'migodiyi, pomwe madzi a acidic amatha kuwononga mbewu ndikutulutsa ayoni kapena zitsulo zolemera zomwe zitha kuwononga zinthu zapansi panthaka ndikuwononga matupi amadzi omwe ali pafupi.

Zosokoneza

Ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi akuyang'ana kwambiri ku PHS ngati njira yabwino yolumikizira magetsi. Ukadaulowu umakhala wofunika makamaka ngati magwero ongowonjezedwanso ngati mphepo ndi mphamvu yadzuwa sakukwanira kukwaniritsa zofunikira. Posunga mphamvu zochulukirapo ngati madzi pamalo okwera, PHS imalola kutulutsa magetsi mwachangu pakafunika kutero, kukhala ngati chotchinga ku kusowa kwa mphamvu. Kuthekera kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosasinthasintha komanso kodalirika kwa magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, kupangitsa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo kukhala yotheka ngati magwero amagetsi oyambira.

Kuyika ndalama mu PHS kungakhalenso kopindulitsa pazachuma, makamaka m'madera omwe ali ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe kapena migodi yosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zilipo kale zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo kuposa kugula kwakukulu kwa mabatire a gridi yamakampani. Njirayi sikuti imangothandizira kusungirako mphamvu komanso imathandizira kuti chilengedwe chikhale chokhazikika pokonzanso malo akale a mafakitale, monga migodi ya malasha, kuti apange mphamvu zobiriwira. Zotsatira zake, maboma ndi makampani opanga magetsi amatha kukulitsa zida zawo zamagetsi ndi ndalama zochepa zandalama komanso zachilengedwe, komanso kulimbikitsa kupanga mphamvu zakumaloko ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya.

Kuphatikiza apo, madera omwe adakumana ndi kuchepa kwachuma chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa migodi ya malasha atha kupeza mwayi watsopano mu gawo la PHS. Chidziwitso chomwe chilipo komanso ukadaulo wa ogwira ntchito akumaloko, omwe amadziwa bwino momwe mgodi udapangidwira komanso kapangidwe kake, zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakusinthaku. Kusintha kumeneku sikungowonjezera ntchito komanso kumathandizira chitukuko cha luso muukadaulo wamagetsi obiriwira, zomwe zimathandizira kukonzanso chuma. 

Zotsatira zamapulojekiti osungira madzi opopera

Zotsatira zochulukira pakubwezeretsanso migodi yotsekedwa ndi malo osungiramo madzi achilengedwe mosungiramo madzi opopera zingaphatikizepo:

• Kuchepetsa mtengo wamagetsi ongowonjezedwanso m'magawo ena, kupangitsa madera ambiri kupeza mphamvu zobiriwira zotsika mtengo.
• Kusintha malo amigodi omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kukhala chuma chachuma, kupanga ntchito ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon m'madera akumidzi.
• Kupititsa patsogolo kudalirika kwa ma gridi amagetsi kudalira mphamvu zowonjezera, kuchepetsa kuzima kwa magetsi ndi kusokoneza.
• Kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa ndondomeko za mphamvu kuzinthu zokhazikika, zomwe zimalimbikitsa boma kuti likhazikitse mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera.
• Kuthandizira kuchepa kwa kudalira mafuta oyaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha komanso kuwongolera mpweya.
• Kupanga mapologalamu atsopano ophunzitsira zantchito yoyang'ana paukadaulo wamagetsi ongowonjezwdwa, kulimbikitsa ogwira ntchito aluso m'magawo obiriwira.
• Kulimbikitsa kugawikana kwa mphamvu zopangira mphamvu, kupatsa mphamvu madera kuti athe kusamalira ndi kupindula ndi mphamvu zawo.
• Kuchulukitsa chidwi cha ogula pazinthu zongowonjezera mphamvu, zomwe zitha kubweretsa kukwera kwandalama zobiriwira ndi zinthu.
• Kuyambitsa mikangano pakugwiritsa ntchito nthaka ndi kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe, zomwe zimalimbikitsa malamulo amtsogolo komanso malingaliro a anthu pazantchito zazikulu zamagetsi.
• Ziwonetsero zomwe zingachitike ndi omenyera zachilengedwe motsutsana ndi kusintha migodi yakale, motsogozedwa ndi nkhawa zakuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi kusungidwa kwachilengedwe.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Ndi njira zina ziti zomwe zasiyidwa zomwe mukukhulupirira kuti zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito posungira madzi opopera? 
• Kodi migodi yamtsogolo (yamitundu yonse, kuphatikiza golidi, cobalt, lithiamu, ndi zina zotero) idzapangidwa poganizira kukonzanso mtsogolo?