Cilad-baadhisyada CRISPR: Ku quusitaanka baadhitaannada unugyada ku salaysan

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  Quantumrun Aragtida Saadaasha
• October 17, 2022

Soo koobid aragti

CRISPR waa tignoolajiyada wax ka beddelka hidda-sidaha u oggolaanaya saynisyahannada inay wax ka beddelaan ama “jaraan” hiddo-wadaha. CRISPR waxa ay suurta gelisaa heer cusub oo sax ah oo hidda-socod ah marka lagu isticmaalo borotiinka Cas9. Cilmi baadhayaashu waxay sahminayaan sida loo isticmaalo teknooloojiyada kala duwanaanta iyo kartida si loo horumariyo qalab baadhitaan oo sax ah.

Macnaha guud ee ogaanshaha CRISPR

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) waa hab u oggolaanaya saynisyahannada inay tafatir ku sameeyaan hidda-wadaha noolaha, sida bakteeriyada, xayawaanka, iyo aadanaha. Tiknoolajiyadu waxay u shaqeysaa iyadoo meesha ka saaraysa qaybo DNA ah oo lagu beddelayo taxane cusub oo la hagaajiyay. Habkani wuxuu ujeedadiisu tahay in lagu saxo hiddo-wadaha is-beddelay ama cilladaha la iska dhaxlo. CRISPR waxay daweyn kartaa cudurro badan oo DNA-da ku salaysan sida cudurrada dhiigga iyo kansarka.

Tijaabo 2017 ah oo ay sameeyeen Jaamacadda Temple iyo Jaamacadda Pittsburgh, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay si guul leh uga takhaluseen HIV (fayraska difaaca jirka aadanaha) ee jiirarka nool. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi baaris dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan primates ayaa loo baahan doonaa ka hor inta aysan cilmi-baarayaashu tijaabin daaweyn kasta oo la mid ah bini'aadamka. In kasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin badan oo CRISPR ah, saynisyahannada qaar ayaa ka walaacsan in shirkadaha qaarkood ay u isticmaali doonaan aaladda inay wax ka beddelaan unugyada taranka, taasoo keenta dhallaanka naqshadeeya.

Marka laga reebo daawaynta hidda-wadaha, CRISPR waxay muujinaysaa ballan-qaad la taaban karo oo ku saabsan ogaanshaha. Biomarkers-ku-saleysan nukliyeerka ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah baaritaanka sababtoo ah waxaa lagu kordhin karaa qadarka ugu yar ee DNA ama RNA, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid aad u gaar ah si loo ogaado cudurrada. Natiijo ahaan, baarista noocaan ah ayaa ah halbeegga dahabiga ah ee noocyo badan oo jirro ah, gaar ahaan kuwa uu keeno caabuqa. Sida la arkay intii lagu jiray masiibada COVID-19, baadhis degdeg ah oo sax ah oo ku salaysan aashitada nucleic waxay muhiim u tahay xakamaynta iyo maaraynta fayraska wax ku ool ah. Helitaanka biomarkers nucleic acid waxay sidoo kale muhiim u tahay beeraha iyo sugnaanta cuntada, iyo sidoo kale la socodka deegaanka iyo aqoonsiga wakiilada dagaalka noolaha. 

Saamaynta qaska

Sannadkii 2021, cilmi-baarayaal ka tirsan Jaamacadda California ee San Diego waxay sameeyeen qalab baaritaan degdeg ah oo lagu garto SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus-ka sababa COVID-19, iyadoo la adeegsanayo hidde-sideyaasha molecular, kimisteriga, iyo sayniska caafimaadka. Qalabka cusub ee SENSR (weriyaha taxanaha nucleic acid nukliyeerka xasaasiga ah) wuxuu isticmaalaa CRISPR si uu u ogaado cudur-sidaha iyada oo la aqoonsanayo taxanaha hiddaha ee DNA-da ama RNA. In kasta oo enzyme-ka Cas9 uu ahaa borotiinka aasaasiga ah ee loo isticmaalo daraasaadka injineernimada hidaha ee CRISPR, ensaymesyada kale sida Cas12a iyo Cas13a ayaa si isa soo taraysa looga faa’iidaystay si loo abuuro tijaabo caafimaad oo sax ah.

SENSR waa qalabkii ugu horeyay ee COVID-19 ee adeegsada enzyme-ka Cas13d (sidoo kale loo yaqaan CasRx). Natiijooyinka tijaabada qalabka waxaa lagu soo saari karaa wax ka yar saacad. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay rumaysan yihiin in sahaminta enzymes kale, CRISPR ay awood u yeelan doonto inay furto fursado cusub oo loogu talagalay ogaanshaha hidde-raaca ku salaysan.

Saynis yahanada iyo takhaatiirta ayaa sidoo kale isticmaali kara CRISPR si ay u ogaadaan cudurada aan la is qaadsiin karin. Tusaale ahaan, Dareenka ku salaysan CRISPR ee mRNA ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu ogaado diidmada xubinta taranka ee kelyaha gacanta ee degdega ah. Habkani waxa uu ku lug leeyahay raadinta joogitaanka mRNA ee muunada kaadida ee qof uun kelyaha laga beddelay.

Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay ogaadeen in dareemaha ku salaysan CRISPR ay ka muuqdaan 93 boqolkiiba dareenka iyo 76 boqolkiiba gaar ahaan. Qalabka ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay in lagu ogaado kansarka naasaha iyo burooyinka maskaxda. Intaa waxaa dheer, CRISPR waxay si sax ah u aqoonsan kartaa cudurrada hidda-socodka, sida isbeddellada iyo dystrophy muruqa, iyada oo loo marayo gaar ahaan hal-nucleotide.

Saamaynta ogaanshaha CRISPR

Saamaynta ballaadhan ee ogaanshaha CRISPR waxaa ka mid noqon kara: 

• Baadhista degdega ah ee cudurada faafa - codsi muhiim u noqon kara ka hortagga faafitaanka masiibada mustaqbalka iyo cudurrada faafa.
• Baadhitaan sax ah oo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan cilladaha hidde-sidaha dhifka ah, kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay horumariyaan daawada gaarka ah.
• Nidaamyada sirdoonka macmalka ah (AI) ee loo isticmaalo in lagu kordhiyo falanqaynta ku salaysan CRISPR, taas oo keeni karta natiijooyin imtixaan degdeg ah.
• Horey u ogaanshaha kansarrada, isbeddellada hidde-sideyaasha, iyo guul-darrooyinka ku-tallaalidda.
• Cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah oo iskaashi ah oo ka dhexjirta cilmiga bayoolajiga, shirkadaha farmashiyaha, iyo jaamacadaha si loo ogaado enzymes kale oo suurtagal ah oo horumarin kara ogaanshaha ku saleysan CRISPR.
• Kordhinta u-helitaanka baadhista hidda-wadaha ee qiimaha jaban ee macaamiisha, suurtogalnimada dimuqraadiyaynta daryeelka caafimaadka gaarka ah iyo ogaanshaha hore ee xaaladaha dhaxalka ah.
• Hababka sharciyeynta ee dawladuhu u habeeyeen tignoolajiyada tafatirka hidda-wadaha, hubinta adeegsiga anshaxa iyadoo la kobcinayo horumarka sayniska.
• Isbeddelka warshadaha dawooyinka ayaa diiradda saaraya daawaynta hidda-wadaha ee la beegsaday, taasoo horseedaysa daawayn waxtar leh oo leh waxyeellooyin yar.

Su'aalaha la tixgeliyo

• Waa maxay faa'iidooyinka kale ee suurtagalka ah ee awood u leh in la ogaado cudurrada hidda-socodka hore?
• Sidee dawladuhu ugu isticmaali karaan CRISPR xeeladahooda maaraynta COVID-19?