Lenaneo la ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso: Ho batla ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ka mokhoa o nepahetseng haholo

• Author:
• Lebitso la sengoli

  Quantumrun Ponelopele
• December 19, 2022

Kakaretso ea kutloisiso

Ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho lebisitse ho litšibollo tse khahlisang liphekolong tsa lefutso, joalo ka "lokisa" lisele tse nang le mofetše le tse fetotsoeng. Leha ho le joalo, bo-rasaense ba ntse ba hlahloba litsela tse molemo tsa ho shebisa lisele ka tsela e nepahetseng haholoanyane ka mekhoa ea tlhaho ea ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso. Litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa ho hlophisoa ha liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka kenyelletsa ho eketseha ha lichelete tsa lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le lisebelisoa tse betere bakeng sa bongaka ba motho ka mong.

Boemo ba ho hlophisoa ha liphatsa tsa lefutso

Ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mokhoa o matla o lumellang bo-rasaense ho etsa liphetoho tse lebisitsoeng ho khoutu ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa ntho e phelang. Mokhoa ona o ka finyelloa ka litsela tse 'maloa tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa ho hlahisoa ha khefu ea DNA kapa liphetoho ka ho sebelisa li-nuclease tse khethehileng tsa tatellano (SSNs).

Ka ho kenya likheo tse nang le mefuta e 'meli (DSBs) ka har'a genome, bo-rasaense ba ka sebelisa li-SSN tse hlophisitsoeng ho shebana le libaka tse itseng. Li-DSB tsena li lokisoa ka mekhoa ea DNA ea cellular, joalo ka ho kopanya ho se nang homologous end (NHEJ) le ho lokisoa ka tataiso ea homology (HDR). Le hoja NHEJ e atisa ho fella ka ho kenngoa kapa ho tlosoa ka mokhoa o sa nepahalang ho ka 'nang ha senya tšebetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, HDR e ka hlahisa liphetoho tse nepahetseng le liphetoho tse ka' nang tsa lokisa liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Sesebelisoa sa ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso sa CRISPR ke sona se sebelisoang haholo lefapheng lena, se kenyelletsang tataiso (gRNA) le enzyme ea Cas9 ho "khaola" likhoele tse nang le mathata. Ho na le melemo e mengata ea ho sebelisa mokhoa ona, ho kenyelletsa ho phekola mafu a kang mofetše le HIV (kokoana-hloko ea immunodeficiency virus) le ho hlahisa mekhoa e mecha ea phekolo bakeng sa mafu a mang. Leha ho le joalo, likotsi li boetse li amahanngoa, tse kang monyetla oa hore liphetoho tse itseng li ka hlahisa liphetoho tse kotsi ho DNA ea ntho e phelang. 

Ka 2021, ho ne ho se ho ntse ho e-na le liforomo tse 30 tsa marang-rang tse etselitsoeng ho hlophisa gRNA, ho latela phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ho Trends in Plant Science. Mananeo ana a na le maemo a fapaneng a ho rarahana, 'me a mang a nolofalletsa bo-ramahlale ho kenya tatellano e mengata e fapaneng. Ho feta moo, lisebelisoa tse ling li ka khetholla liphetoho tse sa lebelloang.

Tšusumetso e senyang

Ka 2021, bo-rasaense ba Setsi sa Theknoloji sa Massachusetts (MIT) le Univesithi ea Harvard ba ile ba sibolla sehlopha se secha sa litsamaiso tse fetolehang tsa DNA tse bitsoang OMEGAs (Obligate Mobile Element Guided Activity) tse sa sebeliseng theknoloji ea CRISPR. Litsamaiso tsena li ka 'na tsa kopanya likaroloana tse nyane tsa DNA ho pholletsa le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa baktheria. Se sibolotsoeng sena se bula karolo e ikhethang ea baeloji e ka phahamisang theknoloji ea ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha kotsing e baloang ho ea ts'ebetsong e ka lebelloang.

Li-enzyme tsena li nyane, li etsa hore ho be bonolo ho li isa liseleng ho feta li-enzyme tse ngata, 'me li ka fetoloa ka potlako bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e fapaneng. Mohlala, li-enzyme tsa CRISPR li sebelisa gRNA ho shebisa le ho senya bahlaseli ba vaerase. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho hlahisa tatelano ea bona ea gRNA ka maiketsetso, litsebi tsa baeloji joale li ka lebisa tataiso ea enzyme ea Cas9 ho sepheo sefe kapa sefe se lakatsehang. Tsela eo li-enzyme tsena li ka hlophisoang habonolo ka eona e etsa hore e be sesebelisoa se matla sa ho fetola DNA 'me e fana ka maikutlo a hore bafuputsi ba ka e sebelisa ho etsa liphekolo tsa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso. 

Tataiso e 'ngoe e tšepisang ea ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ke twin prime editing, e leng sesebelisoa se thehiloeng ho CRISPR se entsoeng ke bo-rasaense ba Harvard ka 2022. Mokhoa ona o mocha o lumella likaroloana tse kholo tsa DNA hore li sebelisoe liseleng tsa motho ntle le ho khaola DNA habeli helix. Ho etsa liphetoho tse khōloanyane ho feta nakong e fetileng ho ka thusa bo-rasaense ho ithuta le ho phekola mafu a lefutso a bakoang ke tahlehelo ea tšebetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa liphetoho tse rarahaneng tsa sebopeho, joalo ka lefu la haemophilia kapa Hunter syndrome.

Litlamorao tsa tokiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse hlophisitsoeng

Litlamorao tse pharalletseng tsa tokiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse hlophisitsoeng li ka kenyelletsa: 

• Keketseho ea lichelete liphuputsong tsa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ka sepheo sa ho fapanyetsana mekhoa e sebelisoang ho fumana mekhoa e nepahetseng le e sireletsehileng ea tlhokomelo.
• Tsoelo-pele ea meriana ea motho ka mong ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le mafu.
• Lifeme tsa Biotech li nts'etsapele software e betere ea ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho nepahala.
• Mebuso e meng e eketsa lichelete tsa eona le ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ka ho kenya tšebetsong liteko tse fapaneng tsa liteko tsa kalafo ea mofetše.
• Litebello tse telele tsa bophelo bakeng sa batho ba tsoetsoeng ba e-na le liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso.
• Lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse reretsoeng ho sebetsana le mafu a kotsi le liphetoho tse teng liphoofolong le mefuteng ea limela.

Lipotso tse lokelang ho nahanoa

• Ke joang hape u nahanang hore ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho ka fetolang tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle?
• Mebuso e ka etsa eng ho netefatsa hore liphekolo tsee li fumaneha ho bohle?