Imisipha yokwenziwa: Amandla amakhulu wobunjiniyela

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• Kwangathi 6, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bemisipha yokwenziwa ivula indlela yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kusukela kuma-prosthetics emvelo kuya kumarobhothi anobuhlakani obuthuthukisiwe. Abacwaningi bahlola izinto zokwakha kanye nemithombo yamandla ukuze bakhe imicu elingisa ukunyakaza kwemisipha yomuntu. Njengoba lobu buchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, buthembisa ukuletha izinguquko zoguquko kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfashini, nokuzijabulisa, kuyilapho futhi kuphakamisa ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokuziphatha nokulawula.

Imisipha yokwenziwa umongo

Ososayensi baye babhekana nomlando omude wemizamo engaphumelelanga yokwakha imisipha yokwenziwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinsimbi zememori yokwakheka, ama-hydraulics, ama-polymers, nama-servo motors. Kodwa-ke, le mizamo ayilungile ngenxa yesisindo sayo, ubuciko, kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula eziphezulu. Imisipha yokwenziwa esebenzayo idinga indlela enwebekayo yokunyakaza ehambisana nomthombo wamandla webhayoloji, njengeglucose nomoya-mpilo. 

Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwawo-2010, abacwaningi bashicilela izifundo zokuthuthukiswa kwemisipha yokwenziwa yesizukulwane esilandelayo. Ngo-2019, ithimba labacwaningi baseMassachusetts Institute of Technology laphindaphinda uhlelo lwesitshalo sekhukhamba “lokugoqa nokudonsa” ukwenza imicu engafinyela njengemisipha yomuntu. Lokhu bakufeza ngokubopha ama-polymer amabili anokunwebeka okuhlukahlukene okwenza amakhoyili lapho edonsa i-taut. Amazinga okushisa afudumele avumela ukugoqa okungcono, okukhiqiza amandla aqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafayibha asebenza kahle ezimeni ezilinganiselayo, okwenza akwazi ukukhiqiza ukuhweba. Imicu ingabuye ihlanganiswe nama-nanowires ukunikeza umthombo wangaphakathi wamandla. 

Ukwengeza, ososayensi base-Linkoping University bakha izicubu zokwenziwa ngo-2019 ezisebenzisa i-glucose nomoya-mpilo njengomthombo wamandla, ukuguqula amandla amakhemikhali abe ama-impulses kagesi ngama-electrode ebhayoloji. Ama-impulses kagesi abe esebangela ukuthi imisipha yokwenziwa ethuthukisiwe ifinyele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi cishe bazosebenzisa imisipha yokwenziwa ukuze bathuthukise amarobhothi nezitho zokwenziwa. Nakuba imisipha yokwenziwa ingenziwa ibe namandla izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-600 kunemisipha yomuntu, kusukela ngoDisemba 2021, amamodeli angalahlekelwa afinyelela kumaphesenti angama-97 wamandla awo njengoba enza izenzo ezihlukene, okuwenza angasebenzi kahle kakhulu.   

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ukwakhiwa kwezicubu zokwenziwa kunganikeza izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zokuphazamiseka kwemisipha okuwohlokayo, njenge-Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Le misipha yokwenziwa ingase isetshenziselwe ukwakha izindlela zokwelapha ezisiza ekuvuseleleni imisipha, kuthuthukise izinga lempilo yabantu abahlushwa yilezi zimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubantu abathembele kuma-prosthetics, izicubu zokwenziwa zinikeza ithuba lezinye izindlela ezilula nezisebenza kahle, ezithuthukisa ukuhamba nokusebenziseka kalula. Njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka, umgomo uwukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okuvame kakhulu kumiklamo yamanje, hhayi nje ukwenza le misipha isebenze kahle kodwa futhi nokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene.

Uma sibheka isimo sezimboni, ukuhlanganiswa kwemisipha yokwenziwa egiyeni labasebenzi kungadambisa ngokuphawulekayo izidingo ezingokwenyama zezindima ezidinga abasebenzi. Bona ngeso lengqondo ukukhishwa kwezimpahla okufakwe imisipha yokwenziwa, ukusiza abasebenzi ezimbonini ezinzima ngokunciphisa ubunzima emizimbeni yabo, intuthuko engase ikhuthaze indawo yokusebenza enempilo futhi inciphise izikhathi zokuphumula ezihlobene nokulimala. Ngokuhambisanayo, umkhakha wamarobhothi uzozuza kakhulu, ngezizukulwane zamarobhothi ezizayo okungenzeka zibe nemisipha yokwenziwa, ngaleyo ndlela zibanikeze ukuguquguquka okuthuthukisiwe nokuhamba, okungaba semqoka emisebenzini edinga ukuthintwa okuthambile noma ukuzulazula ezindaweni ezingalingani.

Kodwa-ke, le ntuthuko idinga futhi izinhlangano zezemidlalo ukuthi zenze kusengaphambili ukuze zivikele ubuqotho emiqhudelwaneni, njengoba kungase kudingeke ukuthi zimise imithetho evimbela abasubathi ukuthi basebenzise izicubu zokwenziwa ezitshaliwe ukuze bathole inzuzo engafanele. Ohulumeni kungase kudingeke futhi bakhuthaze izindawo ezikhuthaza intuthuko yezimiso zokuziphatha kuyilapho kuvinjelwa ukusetshenziswa kabi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo zemfundo zingakwazi ukusebenzisa lesi sikhathi ukuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nalobu buchwepheshe obusafufusa ohlelweni lwezifundo, zikhulise isizukulwane esinekhono lokuthola izinzuzo kuyilapho sinciphisa ukwehla okungaba khona. 

Imithelela yemisipha yokwenziwa 

Imithelela ebanzi yemisipha yokwenziwa ingase ihlanganise:

• Amadizayini okufakelwa ashintshashintsha ukuze abe lula futhi aphendule ngokwengeziwe ku-stimu yabasebenzisi, okuholela ekukhuphukeni kwezinketho ezijabulisa ngobuhle zabantu abakhubazekile, ezingakwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba kodwa futhi zithuthukise ukuzethemba futhi zenze kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwezindima ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.
• Amasosha asakaza izimali ezinhlelweni zocwaningo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izicubu zokwenziwa ezikhethekile, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamasosha aphezulu anikezwe amandla nesivinini esiphezulu, umnyakazo ongase unyuse imijaho yezikhali emhlabeni wonke futhi uphakamise izingqinamba eziphathelene nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono abantu ngezindlela zokwenziwa.
• Ukuvela kwamarobhothi e-humanoid ahlome ngezikhumba nemisipha eguquguqukayo ephilayo noma eyokwenziwa, evula indlela yokusebenzelana okwengeziwe kwemvelo phakathi kwabantu namarobhothi, eshintsha amandla emakethe yezabasebenzi ngokwethula amarobhothi akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enobuhlakani obunjengobomuntu kanye nokuqonda ngokomzwelo.
• Imboni yezemfashini ingase isebenzise izicubu zokwenziwa emiklamo yezingubo, okuholela ezimpahleni ezingashintsha ukuma noma umbala ngokusekelwe kulokho okuthandwa ngumsebenzisi noma imizwa, inikeze isici esisha semfashini yomuntu siqu kodwa futhi ibuze imibuzo ngomthelela wemvelo wokukhiqiza izingubo ezinjalo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. .
• Imboni yezokuzijabulisa, ikakhulukazi imikhakha yama-movie neyomdlalo, isebenzisa imisipha yokwenziwa ukuze idale ama-animatronics angokoqobo nabalingiswa ababonakalayo, okuholela ekuzizwiseni okujulile kodwa okungenzeka ukuthi kukhuphuke izindleko zokukhiqiza.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwamarobhothi okutakula afakwe imisipha yokwenziwa, athuthukisa ikhono lawo lokuzulazula ezindaweni ezinzima futhi asindise izimpilo ezindaweni ezihlaselwe yinhlekelele.
• Amathuba okuthi imisipha yokwenziwa isetshenziswe ekuhloleni emkhathini, ukusiza osomkhathi ekwenzeni imisebenzi ngokunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba, ukwelula ubude besikhathi semishini yasemkhathini kodwa futhi kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni.
• Umkhakha wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ungabona ukwenyuka kwezinhlelo zokwelapha eziqondene nomuntu uqobo kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlunyeleliswa izimilo zisebenzisa imisipha yokwenziwa, okuholela ezinqubweni zokululama ezisebenza ngempumelelo kodwa futhi kwandise izindleko zezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ucabanga ukuthi ohulumeni bazokwenqabela noma bavimbele ukusetshenziswa kwemisipha yokwenziwa kubantu abanempilo? 
• Ungathanda yini imisipha yokwenziwa—okungaba egxilile noma into egqokekayo—ukuze ikwenze uqine futhi usheshe?