I-Quantumrun

ISIKWELETU SESITHOMBE: I-Quantumrun

Inguquko yesitoreji sedijithali: Ikusasa Lamakhompyutha P3

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
I-LinkedIn

ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 15:43

Iningi lenu elifunda lokhu cishe likhumbula i-floppy disk ethobekile futhi liqinile elingu-1.44 MB wesikhala sediski. Abanye benu mhlawumbe babenomona ngalowo mngane oyedwa lapho ekhipha idrayivu yokuqala yesithupha ye-USB, enendawo yayo esabekayo engu-8MB, phakathi nomsebenzi wesikole. Kulezi zinsuku, umlingo awusekho, futhi sesiphenduke amakhanda. Inkumbulo eyi-terabyte eyodwa iza ejwayelekile kumadeskithophu amaningi ka-2018—futhi i-Kingston ithengisa ngisho namadrayivu e-USB e-terabyte eyodwa manje.

Ukuthatheka kwethu ngesitoreji kukhula unyaka nonyaka njengoba sisebenzisa futhi sidala okuqukethwe kwedijithali okwengeziwe, kungaba umbiko wesikole, isithombe sohambo, i-mixtape yeqembu lakho, noma ividiyo ye-GoPro yakho wehla nge-Whistler. Eminye imikhuba efana ne-inthanethi Yezinto Esafufusa izosheshisa kuphela intaba yedatha ekhiqizwa umhlaba, kwengeze uphethiloli we-rocket esidingweni sokugcinwa kwedijithali.

Yingakho ukuze sixoxe ngokugcinwa kwedatha ngendlela efanele, muva nje sinqume ukuhlela lesi sahluko ngokusihlukanisa kabili. Lesi sigamu sizofaka izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ekugcinweni kwedatha kanye nomthelela wako kubathengi abajwayelekile bedijithali. Khonamanjalo, isahluko esilandelayo sizofaka uguquko oluzayo emafini.

Ukuqanjwa kabusha kwedatha kusendleleni

(TL;DR - Isigaba esilandelayo siveza ubuchwepheshe obusha obuzovumela amanani amakhulu kakhulu edatha ukuthi agcinwe kumadrayivu okugcina amancane nasebenza kahle kakhulu. Uma ungenandaba nobuchwepheshe, kodwa kunalokho ufuna ukufunda mayelana nobubanzi obubanzi. amathrendi nemithelela emayelana nokugcinwa kwedatha, bese sincoma ukuthi weqe uye esihlokwaneni esilandelayo.)

Abaningi benu sebake bezwa ngoMthetho kaMoore (okuphawulwe ukuthi inani lama-transistors endaweni ehlangene ehlangene liphinda kabili cishe njalo eminyakeni emibili), kodwa ohlangothini lwesitoreji sebhizinisi lamakhompyutha, sinoMthetho ka-Kryder—empeleni, ikhono lethu lokumpintsha. izingcezu ezengeziwe ekuncipheni kokushayela kanzima nakho kuphinda kabili cishe njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-18. Lokho kusho ukuthi umuntu osebenzise u-$1,500 ngo-5MB eminyakeni engu-35 edlule manje angasebenzisa u-$600 ekushayeleni okungu-6TB.

Lokhu inqubekelaphambili ewisa imihlathi, futhi ayimi noma nini maduzane.

Uhlu olulandelayo luwumbono kafushane mayelana nezinto ezintsha eziseduze nezesikhathi eside abakhiqizi besitoreji sedijithali abazozisebenzisa ukuze banelise umphakathi wethu olambele ukugcina.

Ama-hard disk drive angcono. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-2020, abakhiqizi bazoqhubeka nokwakha amadrayivu e-hard disk endabuko (i-HDD), bepakisha umthamo wememori owengeziwe kuze kube yilapho singasakwazi ukwakha ama-hard disk noma iyiphi i-denser. Amasu asungulwe ukuhola le minyaka eyishumi yokugcina ye-HDD tech afaka Ukuqoshwa kwe-Shingled Magnetic (SMR), kulandele Ukuqoshwa kwe-Magnetic enezinhlangothi ezimbili (TDMR), futhi okungenzeka Ukurekhoda Okusizwa Nguzibuthe (I-HAMR).

I-solid state hard drives. Esikhundleni se-hard disk yendabuko ephawulwe ngenhla i-solid state hard drive (SATA SSD). Ngokungafani nama-HDD, ama-SSD awanawo amadiski aphendukayo—empeleni, awanazo nhlobo izingxenye ezihambayo. Lokhu kuvumela ama-SSD ukuthi asebenze ngokushesha okukhulu, ngosayizi abancane, futhi aqine kakhulu kunowandulelayo. Ama-SSD asevele ayindinganiso kumakhompyutha aphathekayo anamuhla futhi kancane kancane aba izingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha ezijwayelekile kumamodeli amaningi edeskithophu amasha. Futhi ngenkathi ekuqaleni kubiza kakhulu kunama-HDD, awo intengo yehla ngokushesha kunama-HDD, okusho ukuthi ukuthengisa kwabo kungase kudlule ama-HDD ngokuqondile maphakathi nawo-2020.

Ama-SSD esizukulwane esilandelayo ayangeniswa futhi kancane kancane, nabakhiqizi abashintshayo besuka kuma-SATA SSDs baye kuma-PCIe SSD anenani eliphindwe kasithupha lomkhawulokudonsa wedrayivu ye-SATA futhi ekhula.

Imemori ye-Flash ihamba nge-3D. Kodwa uma isivinini siwumgomo, akukho okudlula ukugcina yonke into enkumbulweni.

Ama-HDD nama-SSD angafaniswa nenkumbulo yakho yesikhathi eside, kanti i-flash ifana kakhulu nenkumbulo yakho yesikhashana. Futhi njengobuchopho bakho, ikhompuyutha ngokuvamile idinga zombili izinhlobo zesitoreji ukuze isebenze. Okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo yokufinyelela engahleliwe (RAM), amakhompyutha omuntu endabuko avame ukuza nezinti ezimbili ze-RAM ku-4 kuya ku-8GB ngayinye. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-hitter anamandla kakhulu afana ne-Samsung manje athengisa amakhadi ememori angu-2.5D abamba u-128GB ngalinye-okumangalisayo kubadlali abaqinile, kodwa kusebenza kakhulu kuma-supercomputers esizukulwane esilandelayo.

Inselele ngalawa mamemori khadi ukuthi angena ezingqinambeni ezifanayo ezibhekene nama-hard disks. Okubi nakakhulu, ama-transistors amancane aba ngaphakathi kwe-RAM, lapho enza kabi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi-ama-transistors aba nzima ukuwasula nokubhala ngokunembile, ekugcineni eshaya udonga lokusebenza oluphoqa ukushintshwa kwawo ngezinti ze-RAM ezintsha. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinkampani seziqala ukwakha isizukulwane esilandelayo samamemori khadi:

I-3D NAND. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Intel, i-Samsung, iMicron, i-Hynix, ne-Taiwan Semiconductor zifuna ukwamukelwa ngezinga elibanzi I-3D NAND, enqwabelanisa ama-transistors abe yizilinganiso ezintathu ngaphakathi kwe-chip.
Inkumbulo Yokufinyelela Engahleliwe Eqinile (RAM). Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa ukumelana esikhundleni sokushaja kagesi ukuze kugcinwe amabhithi (ama-0s no-1s) enkumbulo.
3D chips. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho kabanzi esahlukweni sochungechunge olulandelayo, kodwa kafushane, 3D chips ihlose ukuhlanganisa ikhompuyutha nokugcinwa kwedatha ngezendlalelo ezistakiwe ziqondile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe isivinini sokucubungula nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Imemori Yesigaba Sokushintsha (PCM). The tech ngemuva PCMs ngokuyisisekelo iyashisisa futhi ipholise ingilazi ye-chalcogenide, iyiguqule phakathi kwezimo ezicwebezelayo iye kwezingagxiliwe, ngasinye sinokumelana kwaso okuhlukile kagesi okumela u-0 no-1. Uma sebuphelele, lobu buchwepheshe buzohlala isikhathi eside kunezinhlobonhlobo ze-RAM zamanje futhi abuguquguquki, okusho ukuthi. ingabamba idatha ngisho nalapho amandla ecishiwe (ngokungafani ne-RAM evamile).
I-Spin-Transfer Torque Random-Access Memory (I-STT-RAM). I-Frankenstein enamandla ehlanganisa amandla dram ngesivinini se SRAM, kanye nokungaguquguquki okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokukhuthazela okungenamkhawulo.
3D XPoint. Ngalobu buchwepheshe, esikhundleni sokuthembela kuma-transistors ukugcina ulwazi, I-3D Xpoint isebenzisa inetha elincane lezintambo, elixhunywe "isikhethi" esipakishwe phezu kwenye. Uma sekuphelele, lokhu kungase kuguqule imboni njengoba i-3D Xpoint ingaguquguquki, izosebenzisa izinkulungwane zezikhathi ngokushesha kune-NAND flash, futhi iminyene izikhathi ezingu-10 kune-DRAM.

Ngamanye amazwi, khumbula lapho sithi “ama-HDD nama-SSD angafaniswa nenkumbulo yakho yesikhathi eside, kanti i-flash ifana kakhulu nenkumbulo yakho yesikhashana”? Yebo, i-3D Xpoint izophatha kokubili futhi ikwenze kangcono kunanoma yikuphi ngokuhlukene.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi inketho ephumelelayo, zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zememori ye-flash zizohlinzeka ngomthamo owengeziwe wememori, isivinini, ukukhuthazela nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.

Izindlela ezintsha zokugcina isikhathi eside. Ngaleso sikhathi, kulezo zimo zokusetshenziswa lapho isivinini sibaluleke khona ngaphansi kokugcinwa kwenani elikhulu ledatha, ubuchwepheshe obusha nobuthiyori buyasebenza njengamanje:

Ama-tape drives. Yasungulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-60 edlule, ekuqaleni sasebenzisa amadrayivu ukuze sigcine kungobo yomlando amadokhumenti entela nawokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Namuhla, lobu buchwepheshe bupheleliswa eduze nenani eliphakeme lethiyori nge I-IBM ibeka irekhodi ngokufaka kungobo yomlando ama-terabytes angu-330 wedatha engacindezelwanga (~ izincwadi eziyizigidi ezingu-330) kukhatriji yetheyiphu elingana nosayizi wesandla sakho.
Ukugcinwa kwe-DNA. Abacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseWashington kanye neMicrosoft Research wakha uhlelo ukufaka ikhodi, ukugcina kanye nokuthola idatha yedijithali usebenzisa ama-molecule e-DNA. Uma isiphelele, le sistimu ngolunye usuku ingase igcine ulwazi ngokuhlangene izikhathi eziyizigidi kunobuchwepheshe bamanje bokugcina idatha.
Inkumbulo ye-athomu ebhalwe kabusha ye-Kilobyte. Ngokushintsha ama-athomu e-chlorine eshidini lethusi eliyisicaba, ososayensi babhala umlayezo wekhilobhayithi elingu-1 kuma-terabits angu-500 iyintshi yesikwele—cishe ulwazi oluphindwe izikhathi ezingu-100 nge-intshi yesikwele kune-hard drive esebenza kahle kakhulu emakethe.
Isitoreji sedatha ye-5D. Lolu hlelo lokugcina olukhethekile, oluholwa yiNyuvesi yaseSouthampton, luhlanganisa umthamo wedatha we-360 TB/disc, ukuzinza okushisayo kuze kufike ku-1,000 ° C kanye nokuphila okungenamkhawulo okuseduze ekamelweni lokushisa (iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.8 ku-190 ° C). Ngamanye amazwi, ukugcinwa kwedatha ye-5D kungaba kuhle ekusetshenzisweni kwengobo yomlando kumamnyuziyamu nakulabhulali.

Ingqalasizinda Yesitoreji Echazwe Ngesoftware (SDS). Akuyona nje i-hardware yokugcina izinto ebona izinto ezintsha, kodwa isofthiwe eyisebenzisayo nayo ithuthuka ngendlela ejabulisayo. I-SDS isetshenziswa kakhulu kumanethiwekhi ezinkampani ezinkulu zamakhompiyutha noma izinsiza zokugcina amafu lapho idatha igcinwa khona endaweni eyodwa futhi ifinyelelwa ngamadivaysi angawodwana, axhunyiwe. Ngokuyisisekelo ithatha inani eliphelele lomthamo wokugcina idatha kunethiwekhi futhi iyihlukanise phakathi kwamasevisi ahlukahlukene namadivayisi asebenza kunethiwekhi. Amasistimu we-SDS angcono afakwa amakhodi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze asebenzise ngokuphumelelayo (esikhundleni sezingxenyekazi ezintsha) zesitoreji.

Ingabe sizodinga ngisho nesitoreji esikhathini esizayo?

Kulungile, ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe bokugcina buzothuthuka kakhulu emashumini ambalwa eminyaka azayo. Kodwa into okufanele siyicabangele ukuthi, kwenza muphi umehluko lokho?

Umuntu ovamile akasoze asebenzisa i-terabyte yesikhala sokulondoloza manje esitholakala kumamodeli akamuva ekhompuyutha yedeskithophu. Futhi kweminye iminyaka emibili kuya kwemine, i-smartphone yakho elandelayo izoba nesikhala esanele sokulondoloza ukuze iqoqe izithombe namavidiyo angunyaka wonke ngaphandle kokuhlanza idivayisi yakho. Impela, kunedlanzana labantu laphaya elithanda ukuqoqa inani elikhulu ledatha kumakhompuyutha abo, kodwa kithina sonke, kunezinkambiso ezimbalwa ezinciphisa isidingo sethu sendawo yokugcina idiski ephethwe ngasese.

Izinsizakalo zokusakaza. Kudala, amaqoqo ethu omculo ayehlanganisa ukuqoqa amarekhodi, bese kuba amakhasethi, bese kuba ama-CD. Ngawo-90s, izingoma zafakwa kudijithali zaba ama-MP3 ukuze ziqoqwe izinkulungwane (kuqala ngokusebenzisa izifufula, kamuva kakhulu ngezitolo zedijithali ezifana ne-iTunes). Manje, esikhundleni sokuthi sigcine futhi sihlele iqoqo lomculo kukhompuyutha yakho yasekhaya noma ocingweni, singasakaza inombolo engapheli yezingoma futhi sizilalele noma yikuphi ngamasevisi afana ne-Spotify ne-Apple Music.

Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili kunciphise kuqala umculo wesikhala somzimba othathwe ekhaya, kwase kuba isikhala sedijithali kukhompyutha yakho. Manje sesingathathelwa indawo isevisi yangaphandle ekunikeza ukufinyelela okushibhile nokulula, noma kuphi/noma nini kuwo wonke umculo ongawufuna. Yebo, iningi lenu enifunda lokhu cishe lisenawo ama-CD ambalwa alele, iningi lisazoba neqoqo eliqinile lama-MP3 ekhompyutheni yabo, kodwa isizukulwane esilandelayo sabasebenzisi bamakhompiyutha ngeke sichithe isikhathi saso ngokugcwalisa amakhompyutha abo ngomculo abangawenza. finyelela ngokukhululekile ku-inthanethi.

Ngokusobala, kopisha konke engisanda kukusho ngomculo futhi ngikusebenzise kufilimu nethelevishini (sawubona, i-Netflix!) Futhi ukugcinwa kwesitoreji somuntu siqu sikhula.

ezokuxhum. Ngomculo, ifilimu, nezinhlelo ze-TV ezivala kancane kancane amakhompuyutha ethu, uhlobo olulandelayo olukhulu lokuqukethwe kwedijithali izithombe namavidiyo womuntu siqu. Futhi, sasivame ukukhiqiza izithombe namavidiyo ngokoqobo, ekugcineni ukuqoqa uthuli ku-attics yethu. Khona-ke izithombe namavidiyo ethu kwaba yidijithali, kodwa aphinde aqoqa uthuli ezindaweni ezingaphansi zamakhompyutha ethu. Futhi leyo nkinga: Asivamile ukubheka izithombe namavidiyo amaningi esiwathathayo.

Kodwa ngemva kokwenzeka kwenkundla yezokuxhumana, amasayithi afana ne-Flickr ne-Facebook asinike ikhono lokwabelana ngenani elingapheli lezithombe nenethiwekhi yabantu esibakhathalelayo, kuyilapho sigcina lezo zithombe (mahhala) ohlelweni lwefolda oluzihlelayo noma umugqa wesikhathi. Yize lesi sici senhlalo, sihambisana namakhamera amancane, asezingeni eliphezulu, sandise kakhulu isibalo sezithombe namavidiyo akhiqizwa umuntu ojwayelekile, siphinde sanciphisa umkhuba wethu wokugcina izithombe kumakhompyutha ethu angasese, kusikhuthaza ukuthi sizigcine ku-inthanethi, ngasese. noma esidlangalaleni.

Amafu nezinsiza zokusebenzisana. Uma kunikezwe amaphuzu amabili okugcina, idokhumenti yombhalo ethobekile kuphela (nezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa zedatha ye-niche) esele. Lawa madokhumenti, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-multimedia esisanda kuxoxa ngayo, ngokuvamile mancane kangangokuthi ukuwagcina kukhompuyutha yakho akusoze kwaba yinkinga.

Kodwa-ke, emhlabeni wethu ohambayo owandayo, kunesidingo esikhulayo sokufinyelela amadokhumenti usohambeni. Futhi lapha futhi, ukuqhubeka okufanayo esixoxe ngakho nomculo kuyenzeka lapha—lapho siqale khona ukuthutha amadokhumenti sisebenzisa ama-floppy disks, ama-CD, nama-USB, manje sisebenzisa okulula kakhulu futhi okugxile kubathengi. storage ifu amasevisi, njenge-Google Drayivu ne-Dropbox, agcina amadokhumenti ethu esikhungweni sedatha sangaphandle ukuze sifinyelele kukho ngokuphephile ku-inthanethi. Izinsizakalo ezifana nalezi zisivumela ukuthi sifinyelele futhi sabelane ngamadokhumenti ethu noma kuphi, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kunoma iyiphi idivayisi noma isistimu yokusebenza.

Uma sikhuluma ngobulungisa, ukusebenzisa izinsiza zokusakaza, inkundla yezokuxhumana, nezinsizakalo zamafu akusho ukuthi sizohambisa yonke into emafwini—ezinye izinto esikhetha ukuzigcina ziyimfihlo futhi zivikelekile—kodwa lezi zinsizakalo zinciphile, futhi zizoqhubeka zinciphisa, inani eliphelele lesikhala sokulondoloza idatha esidinga ukuba sibe naso unyaka nonyaka.

Kungani isitoreji sibaluleke kakhulu

Nakuba umuntu ovamile engase abone isidingo esincane sesitoreji sedijithali esengeziwe, kukhona amandla amakhulu ekudlalweni aqhubekisela phambili uMthetho ka-Kryder.

Okokuqala, ngenxa yohlu olucishe lube minyaka yonke lokwephulwa kwezokuphepha ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinkampani zezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe nezezimali—ngayinye ibeka engcupheni ulwazi lwedijithali lwezigidi zabantu—ukukhathazeka ngobumfihlo bedatha kukhula ngokufanelekile phakathi komphakathi. Ngokuya ngezidingo zomuntu ngamunye, lokhu kungase kuqhubekisele phambili isidingo somphakathi sezinketho ezinkulu nezishibhile zokugcina idatha ukuze umuntu azisebenzisele ukugwema kuye ngamafu. Abantu bakusasa bangase bamise amaseva okugcinwa kwedatha ayimfihlo ngaphakathi kwamakhaya abo ukuze baxhumeke ngaphandle esikhundleni sokuncika ngamaseva ezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe.

Okunye okucatshangelwayo ukuthi ukulinganiselwa kokugcinwa kwedatha okwamanje kuvimbela inqubekelaphambili emikhakheni eminingi kusukela ku-biotech kuya kubuhlakani bokwenziwa. Imikhakha encike ekuqoqweni nasekucutshungulweni kwedatha enkulu idinga ukugcina amanani amakhulu wedatha ukuze isungule imikhiqizo emisha namasevisi.

Okulandelayo, ngasekupheleni kwawo-2020, i-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), izimoto ezizimele, amarobhothi, okungokoqobo okungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona, nobunye 'ubuchwepheshe bomphetho' obunjalo buzogqugquzela ukutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe bokugcina. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuze lobu buchwepheshe busebenze, bazodinga amandla okwenza ikhompuyutha namandla okugcina ukuze baqonde indawo ezizungezile futhi basabele ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphandle kokuncika njalo efwini. Sihlola lo mqondo ngokuqhubekayo ku isahluko sesihlanu yalolu chungechunge.

Ekugcineni, i Inthanethi Things (kuchazwe ngokugcwele esihlokweni sethu Ikusasa le-inthanethi series) izoholela ezigidini kuya kwezigidigidi zezinzwa ezilandelela ukunyakaza noma isimo sezigidigidi ukuya kumabhiliyoni wezinto. Amanani amakhulu edatha lezi zinzwa ezingenakubalwa azowakhiqiza azodinga umthamo osebenzayo wokugcina ngaphambi kokuthi acutshungulwe ngempumelelo amakhompyutha amakhulu esizowahlanganisa ngasekupheleni kwalolu chungechunge.

Sekukonke, nakuba umuntu ovamile ezonciphisa kakhulu isidingo sakhe sezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zokugcinwa kwedijithali, wonke umuntu emhlabeni usazohlomula ngokungaqondile kumthamo ongapheli wesitoreji esizonikezwa ubuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo besitoreji sedijithali. Yebo, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ikusasa lokugcina lisefwini, kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi singene sijule kuleso sihloko, sidinga ukuqonda kuqala izinguquko ezinhle ezenzekayo ohlangothini lokucubungula (i-microchip) lwebhizinisi lekhompyutha— isihloko sesahluko esilandelayo.