I-Quantumrun

ISIKWELETU SESITHOMBE: I-Quantumrun

Kungani amazwe eqhudelana ukwakha amakhompyutha amakhulu amakhulu? Ikusasa Lamakhompiyutha P6

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
I-LinkedIn

ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 15:33

Noma ubani olawula ikusasa lekhompyutha, ungumnikazi womhlaba. Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ziyazi. Amazwe ayakwazi. Futhi yingakho lawo maqembu ahlose ukuba ngabanikazi bendawo enkulu emhlabeni wethu wesikhathi esizayo asemjahweni wethukile wokwakha amakhompyutha amakhulu anamandla.

Ubani owinayo? Futhi kuzokhokha kanjani zonke lezi zimali zekhompiyutha? Ngaphambi kokuthi sihlole le mibuzo, ake sibuyekeze isimo sekhompuyutha enkulu yesimanje.

Umbono we-supercomputer

Njengasesikhathini esidlule, i-supercomputer evamile yanamuhla ingumshini omkhulu, ongaqhathaniswa nobukhulu bendawo yokupaka ephethe izimoto ezingama-40-50, futhi bangakwazi ukubala ngosuku isisombululo samaphrojekthi okungathatha isilinganiso sekhompyutha yomuntu siqu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. xazulula. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi njengoba nje amakhompyutha ethu siqu esekhulile emandleni e-computing, kanjalo nama-supercomputer ethu.

Ngomongo, ama-supercomputer anamuhla manje aqhudelana esikalini se-petaflop: 1 Kilobyte = 1,000 bits 1 Megabit = 1,000 kilobytes 1 Gigabit = 1,000 Megabits 1 Terabit = 1,000 Gigabits 1 Petabit = 1,000 Terabits

Ukuze uhumushe i-jargon ozoyifunda ngezansi, yazi ukuthi i-'Bit' iyiyunithi yokulinganisa idatha. 'Amabhayithi' ayiyunithi yokulinganisa yokugcina ulwazi lwedijithali. Okokugcina, i-'Flop' imele imisebenzi yephoyinti elintantayo ngomzuzwana futhi ikala isivinini sokubala. Imisebenzi yezindawo ezintantayo ivumela ukwenziwa kwekhompuyutha kwezinombolo ezinde kakhulu, ikhono elibalulekile lemikhakha eyahlukene yesayensi nobunjiniyela, kanye nomsebenzi amakhompuyutha amakhulu akhelwe wona ngokuqondile. Yingakho, uma ukhuluma ngama-supercomputers, imboni isebenzisa igama elithi 'flop.'

Ubani olawula ama-supercomputer aphezulu emhlabeni?

Uma kukhulunywa ngempi yokuphakama kwamakhompiyutha amakhulu, amazwe ahamba phambili ngempela ongawalindela: ikakhulukazi i-United States, i-China, i-Japan kanye nezifunda ze-EU ezikhethiwe.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba nje ukutshala izabelo kwabayishumi abaphezulu emhlabeni kubambe isithunzi, okubaluleke ngempela isabelo sezwe sezinsizakusebenza ezinkulu zomhlaba, futhi lapha izwe elilodwa seliqhubekele phambili: i-China.

Kungani amazwe eqhudelana ngokuba ngamakhompiyutha aphezulu

Ngokusekelwe ku-a Izinga le-2017, i-China iyikhaya lama-supercomputer angu-202 ashesha kakhulu emhlabeni angu-500 (40%), kuyilapho iMelika ilawula i-144 (29%). Kodwa izinombolo zisho ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sokusebenzisa ikhompuyutha izwe elingalisebenzisa, futhi nalapha iShayina ilawula umthofu olawulayo; ngaphandle kokuba namakhompiyutha amabili kwamathathu aphezulu (2018), iChina ithokozela amaphesenti angama-35 omthamo we-supercomputing womhlaba, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angama-30 ase-US.

Kuleli qophelo, umbuzo wemvelo okufanele uwubuze uthi, ubani onendaba? Kungani amazwe eqhudelana ngokwakha amakhompyutha amakhulu asheshayo?

Nokho, njengoba sizochaza ngezansi, ama-supercomputers ayithuluzi elinika amandla. Bavumela ososayensi nonjiniyela bezwe ukuthi baqhubeke nokwenza inqubekelaphambili engaguquki (futhi ngezinye izikhathi igxuma igxumele phambili) emikhakheni efana nebhayoloji, ukubikezela isimo sezulu, i-astrophysics, izikhali zenuzi, nokuningi.

Ngamanye amazwi, amakhompiyutha amakhulu avumela imboni ezimele yezwe ukuthi yakhe iminikelo enenzuzo eyengeziwe kanye nomkhakha wayo womphakathi ukuthi usebenze ngempumelelo. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, le ntuthuko enikwe amandla yi-supercomputer ingase iguqule ngokuphawulekayo isimo sezwe sezomnotho, ezempi, kanye nesimo sezwe.

Ngezinga elingaqondakali, izwe elilawula isabelo esikhulu somthamo we-supercomputing liphethe ikusasa.

Ukuphula umgoqo we-exaflop

Uma kubhekwa izinto ezingokoqobo ezishiwo ngenhla, akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi i-US ihlela ukubuya.

Ngo-2017, uMongameli u-Obama wethula i-National Strategic Computing Initiative njengobudlelwane phakathi koMnyango Wezamandla, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, kanye ne-National Science Foundation. Lolu hlelo selunikeze izinkampani eziyisithupha isamba esingu-$258 million emzamweni wokucwaninga nokuthuthukisa i-exaflop supercomputer yokuqala emhlabeni ebizwa ngokuthi. Aurora. (Ngokombono othile, lawo ngama-petaflops angu-1,000, cishe amandla okubala amakhompiyutha amakhulu angu-500 ahlangene, kanye nesivinini esiphindwe ngesigidigidi kune-laptop yakho siqu.) Le khompuyutha isethelwe ukukhishwa cishe ngo-2021 futhi izosekela imizamo yocwaningo yezinhlangano ezifana ne- Umnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya, i-NASA, i-FBI, iNational Institutes of Health, nokunye.

Hlela: Ngo-Ephreli 2018, i Uhulumeni wase-US umemezele $600 million ukuxhasa amakhompyutha amasha amathathu e-exaflop:

* Isistimu ye-ORNL ilethwa ngo-2021 futhi yamukelwa ngo-2022 (uhlelo lwe-ORNL) * Isistimu ye-LLNL yethulwa ngo-2022 futhi yamukelwa ngo-2023 (uhlelo lwe-LLNL) * I-ANL Potential System ilethwa ngo-2022 futhi yamukelwa ngo-2023 (uhlelo lwe-ANL)

Ngeshwa e-US, i-China nayo isebenza nge-exaflop supercomputer yayo. Ngakho, umjaho uyaqhubeka.

Ama-supercomputer azonika amandla kanjani impumelelo yesayensi yesikhathi esizayo

Okucatshangelwe ngaphambili, ama-supercomputers amanje nawesikhathi esizayo anika amandla ukuphumelela ezinhlobonhlobo zeziyalo.

Phakathi kwentuthuko esheshayo umphakathi ozoyiqaphela ukuthi amagajethi ansuku zonke azoqala ukusebenza ngokushesha nangcono kakhulu. Idatha enkulu la madivayisi abelana ngayo efwini izocutshungulwa ngempumelelo ngamakhompiyutha amakhulu ezinkampani, ukuze abasizi bakho beselula, njenge-Amazon Alexa kanye nomsizi we-Google, baqale ukuqonda umongo wenkulumo yakho futhi phendula imibuzo yakho eyinkimbinkimbi ngokungadingekile ngokuphelele. Amathani wezinto ezintsha ezigqokwayo azophinda asinike amandla amangalisayo, njengama-earplugs ahlakaniphile ahumusha izilimi ngokushesha ngesikhathi sangempela, isitayela se-Star Trek.

Ngokufanayo, maphakathi nawo-2020, kanye I-inthanethi Yezinto ikhula emazweni athuthukile, cishe yonke imikhiqizo, izimoto, isakhiwo, nakho konke okusemakhaya ethu kuzoxhunywa kuwebhu. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, umhlaba wakho uzoba nzima.

Isibonelo, isiqandisi sakho sizokuthumela umbhalo ngohlu lokuthenga uma uphelelwa ukudla. Uzobe usungena esitolo esikhulu, ukhethe uhlu olushiwo lwezinto zokudla, bese uphuma ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomuntu ophatha imali noma irejista yemali—izinto zizodonswa ngokuzenzekelayo ku-akhawunti yakho yasebhange okwesibili uphuma esakhiweni. Uma uphuma uya endaweni yokupaka, itekisi elizishayelayo lizovele likulindile ne-trunk evuliwe ukuze igcine izikhwama zakho futhi ikubuyisele ekhaya.

Kodwa indima ezodlalwa yila ma-supercomputers azayo ezingeni elikhulu izoba nkulu kakhulu. Izibonelo ezimbalwa:

Ukulingiswa kwedijithali: Amakhompiyutha anamandla, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhula, azovumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhe ukulingisa okunembe kakhudlwana kwezinhlelo zebhayoloji, njengezibikezelo zesimo sezulu kanye namamodeli wesikhathi eside wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokunjalo, sizozisebenzisa ukuze senze izifaniso ezingcono zethrafikhi ezingasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto ezizishayelayo.

semiconductors: Ama-microchip esimanje abe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuba amaqembu abantu akwazi ukuziklama ngokuphumelelayo. Ngalesi sizathu, isoftware yekhompiyutha ethuthukisiwe kanye namakhompiyutha amakhulu aya ngokuya ethatha indima eholayo ekwakhiweni kwamakhompyutha akusasa.

Ezolimo: Amakhompiyutha amakhulu azayo azokwenza ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izitshalo ezintsha ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso, ukushisa, nokumelana namanzi anosawoti, kanye onomsoco—umsebenzi obalulekile odingekayo ukuze kondliwe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili okulindelwe ukuthi bangene emhlabeni ngo-2050. Funda okwengeziwe kwethi yethu Ikusasa Labantu chungechunge.

ikhemisi elikhulu: Izinkampani zemithi ethaka imithi ekugcineni zizothola amandla okucubungula ngokugcwele uhla olukhulu lwezakhi zofuzo zabantu, zezilwane, nezitshalo ezizosiza ukudalwa kwemithi emisha nokwelashwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene ezivamile nezingajwayelekile emhlabeni. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwegciwane elisha, njengokusabisa kwe-Ebola yango-2015 evela eMpumalanga Afrika. Isivinini sokucubungula esizayo sizovumela izinkampani ezenza imithi ukuthi zihlaziye i-genome yegciwane futhi zakhe imithi yokugoma engokwezifiso phakathi nezinsuku esikhundleni samaviki noma izinyanga. Funda okwengeziwe esihlokweni sethu Ikusasa Lempilo chungechunge.

Ukuphepha kwezwe: Lesi yisona sizathu esikhulu esenza ukuthi uhulumeni afake imali eningi ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhompiyutha amakhulu. Ama-supercomputer anamandla kakhudlwana azosiza ojenene besikhathi esizayo bakhe amasu empi anembile anoma yisiphi isimo sokulwa; kuzosiza ukuklama amasistimu ezikhali asebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi kuzosiza abomthetho kanye nezinhlangano zezinhloli ukuhlonza kangcono izinsongo ezingaba khona isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba zilimaze izakhamuzi zasekhaya.

Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela

Bese sifika esihlokweni esiyimpikiswano sobuhlakani bokufakelwa (AI). Impumelelo esizoyibona ku-AI yeqiniso ngeminyaka yawo-2020 kanye neyama-2030 incike ngokuphelele emandleni aluhlaza amakhompyutha amakhulu azayo. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ama-supercomputers esiwashilo kuso sonke lesi sahluko engase enziwe angasebenzi yisigaba esisha sekhompyutha?

Siyakwamukela kumakhompuyutha e-quantum—isahluko sokugcina salolu chungechunge siseduze ngokuchofoza nje.