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Amakhompyutha e-Quantum azowushintsha kanjani umhlaba: Ikusasa Lamakhompiyutha P7

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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Msombuluko, 09/14/2020 - 05:14

Kunodumo oluningi oluzungeza imboni yamakhompiyutha ejwayelekile, i-hype egxile kubuchwepheshe obuthile obunamandla okushintsha yonke into: amakhompyutha we-quantum. Njengoba singamagama enkampani yethu, sizovuma ukuchema kwethu kulobu buchwepheshe, futhi phakathi nalesi sahluko sokugcina sochungechunge lwethu Lwekusasa Lamakhompyutha, sithemba ukwabelana nawe ukuthi kungani kunjalo.

Ezingeni eliyisisekelo, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum inikeza ithuba lokukhohlisa ulwazi ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. Eqinisweni, uma lobu buchwepheshe buvuthwa, lawa makhompyutha ngeke nje axazulule izinkinga zezibalo ngokushesha kunanoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha ekhona njengamanje, kodwa nanoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha okubikezelwa ukuthi izoba khona emashumini ambalwa eminyaka azayo (kucatshangwa ukuthi umthetho kaMoore uliqiniso). Empeleni, kufana nengxoxo yethu nxazonke ama-supercomputers esahlukweni sethu sokugcina, amakhompuyutha e-quantum ezayo azovumela isintu ukuba siphendule imibuzo emikhudlwana engasisiza sithole ukuqonda okujulile ngezwe elisizungezile.

Ayini amakhompyutha e-quantum?

I-Hype eceleni, ahluke kanjani amakhompyutha we-quantum kunamakhompyutha ajwayelekile? Futhi zisebenza kanjani?

Kubafundi ababonakalayo, sincoma ukubuka le vidiyo ejabulisayo, emfushane evela ethimbeni le-YouTube laseKurzgesagt mayelana nalesi sihloko:

Okwamanje, kubafundi bethu, sizokwenza konke okusemandleni ethu ukuchaza amakhompyutha we-quantum ngaphandle kwesidingo seziqu ze-physics.

Okokuqala, sidinga ukukhumbula ukuthi iyunithi eyisisekelo yenqubo yamakhompiyutha olwazi incane. Lezi zingcezu zingaba nenani elilodwa kwamabili: 1 noma 0, ivuliwe noma ivaliwe, yebo noma cha. Uma uhlanganisa okwanele kwala mabhithi ndawonye, ungakwazi ukumela izinombolo zanoma imuphi usayizi futhi wenze zonke izinhlobo zezibalo kuzo, uqhubeke ulandelana. Uma i-chip yekhompuyutha ibe nkulu noma inamandla kakhulu, kuba nkulu izinombolo ongazenza futhi usebenzise izibalo, futhi ngokushesha ungakwazi ukusuka kwesinye isibalo uye kwesinye.

Amakhompyutha e-Quantum ahlukile ngezindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile.

Okokuqala, inzuzo yegama elithi "superposition". Ngenkathi amakhompyutha endabuko esebenza ngezingcezu, amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenza ngama-qubits. I-superposition effect qubits ivumela ukuthi esikhundleni sokuphoqelelwa kumanani amabili angaba khona (1 noma 0), i-qubit ingaba khona njengengxube yakho kokubili. Lesi sici sivumela amakhompyutha e-quantum ukuthi asebenze kahle kakhulu (ngokushesha) kunamakhompyutha avamile.

Okwesibili, inzuzo "yokubanjwa." Lesi simo siwukuziphatha okuyingqayizivele kwe-quantum physics ehlanganisa ikusasa lenani lezinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene, ukuze okwenzeka kwenye kuzothinta ezinye. Uma isetshenziswa kumakhompuyutha e-quantum, lokhu kusho ukuthi angakwazi ukulawula wonke ama-qubits awo ngesikhathi esisodwa-ngamanye amazwi, esikhundleni sokwenza iqoqo lezibalo ngokulandelana, ikhompyutha ye-quantum ingakwenza konke ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Umjaho wokwakha ikhompuyutha yokuqala ye-quantum

Lesi sihloko sithi igama eliyiphutha. Izinkampani ezihamba phambili ezifana ne-Microsoft, IBM kanye ne-Google sezivele zenze amakhompuyutha e-quantum okuqala okuhlola, kodwa lezi zibonelo zakuqala zifaka ama-qubits angaphansi kweshumi nambili ku-chip ngayinye. Futhi nakuba le mizamo yokuqala iyisinyathelo esihle sokuqala, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe kanye neminyango yocwaningo kahulumeni izodinga ukwakha ikhompuyutha ye-quantum equkethe okungenani ama-qubits angu-49 kuya kwangu-50 ukuze i-hype ihlangabezane namandla ayo omhlaba wangempela.

Kuze kube manje, kunezindlela ezimbalwa okuzanywa ngazo ukuze kuzuzwe lesi sigameko esiyingqopha-mlando esingu-50 qubit, kodwa ezimbili zimi ngaphezu kwabo bonke abafikayo.

Ekhempini eyodwa, i-Google ne-IBM zihlose ukuthuthukisa ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ngokumela ama-qubits njengamaza ageleza ezintanjeni ze-superconducting ezipholiswe ku--273.15 degrees Celsius, noma ziro ngokuphelele. Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwezimo zamanje zika-1 noma u-0. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi lezi zintambo ze-superconducting noma amasekhethi zingakhiwa nge-silicon, izinkampani ze-semiconductor ezibonakalayo zineminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yokusebenza nazo.

Indlela yesibili, eholwa yi-Microsoft, ihlanganisa ama-ion avalelwe endaweni ye-vacuum futhi asetshenziswe ama-lasers. Amashaji e-oscillating asebenza njengama-qubits, abese esetshenziselwa ukucubungula imisebenzi yekhompuyutha ye-quantum.

Sizowasebenzisa kanjani amakhompyutha e-quantum

Kulungile, ukubeka ithiyori eceleni, ake sigxile ezinhlelweni zomhlaba wangempela lawa makhompuyutha e-quantum azoba nazo emhlabeni nokuthi izinkampani nabantu bazibandakanya kanjani nakho.

Izinkinga zokuhlela nokwenza kahle. Phakathi kokusetshenziswa okusheshayo nokunenzuzo kwamakhompiyutha e-quantum kuzoba ukwenziwa kahle. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zokwabelana ngokugibela, njenge-Uber, imuphi umzila osheshayo ongawuthatha futhi wehlise amakhasimende amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka? Emidondoshiya ye-e-commerce, njenge-Amazon, iyiphi indlela engabizi kakhulu yokuletha izigidigidi zamaphakeji ngesikhathi sokuthenga izipho eholidini ngokushesha?

Le mibuzo elula ihilela ukuhlanganisa amanani amakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zezinto eziguquguqukayo ngesikhathi esisodwa, into eyenziwa amakhompyutha amakhulu esimanje angakwazi ukuwenza; ngakho-ke esikhundleni salokho, babala iphesenti elincane lalokho okuguquguqukayo ukuze basize lezi zinkampani zilawule izidingo zazo zokuhlela ngendlela engaphansi kwefanele. Kodwa ngekhompyutha ye-quantum, izokweqa intaba yezinto eziguquguqukayo ngaphandle kokujuluka.

Isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu ukumodela. Ngokufanayo naleli phuzu elingenhla, isizathu esenza ishaneli yesimo sezulu ngezinye izikhathi yenze iphutha ingoba ziningi kakhulu izinto eziguquguqukayo zezemvelo ukuze amakhompyutha awo amakhulu akwazi ukucutshungulwa (lokho futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuqoqwa kwedatha yesimo sezulu esibi). Kodwa ngekhompyutha ye-quantum, ososayensi besimo sezulu abakwazi ukubikezela amaphethini wesimo sezulu esiseduze kuphela ngokuphelele, kodwa bangakwazi nokwenza ukuhlolwa kwesimo sezulu okunembe kakhudlwana kwesikhathi eside ukuze babikezele imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Umuthi owenziwe umuntu. Ukuqopha i-DNA yakho kanye ne-microbiome yakho eyingqayizivele kubalulekile ukuze odokotela bakusasa bakunikeze imithi eklanyelwe ngokuphelele umzimba wakho. Ngenkathi ama-supercomputers endabuko enze igxathu ekuchazeni i-DNA ngendlela engabizi kakhulu, i-microbiome ingaphezu kwamandla awo—kodwa akunjalo kumakhompyutha we-quantum wesikhathi esizayo.

Amakhompyutha e-Quantum azophinde avumele i-Big Pharma ukuthi ibikezele kangcono ukuthi ama-molecule ahlukene asabela kanjani emithini yawo, ngaleyo ndlela asheshise kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi kanye nokwehlisa amanani.

Ukuhlola isikhala. Izibonakude zasemkhathini zanamuhla (nakusasa) ziqoqa amanani amakhulu edatha yezithombe zezinkanyezi usuku ngalunye elandelela ukunyakaza kwezigidigidi zemithala, izinkanyezi, amaplanethi, nama-asteroids. Ngokudabukisayo, lena idatha eningi kakhulu ukuze amakhompuyutha amakhulu anamuhla ahlungwe ukuze athole okunengqondo njalo. Kodwa ngekhompyutha ye-quantum evuthiwe ehlanganiswe nokufunda ngomshini, yonke le datha ekugcineni ingacutshungulwa kahle, ivule umnyango wokutholwa kwamakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zamaplanethi amasha nsuku zonke ekuqaleni kwawo-2030s.

Isayensi eyisisekelo. Ngokufanayo namaphuzu angenhla, amandla ekhompuyutha aluhlaza avumela la makhompuyutha e-quantum azovumela ososayensi nonjiniyela ukuthi bakhe amakhemikhali amasha nezinto zokwakha, kanye nezinjini ezisebenza kangcono kanye namathoyizi apholile kaKhisimusi.

Ukufunda komshini. Ngokusebenzisa amakhompuyutha endabuko, ama-algorithms okufunda ngomshini adinga inani elikhulu lezibonelo ezikhethiwe nezilebulwe (idatha enkulu) ukuze kufundwe amakhono amasha. Nge-quantum computing, isofthiwe yokufunda ngomshini ingaqala ukufunda okwengeziwe njengabantu, lapho bengathola khona amakhono amasha besebenzisa idatha encane, idatha ye-messier, ngokuvamile enemiyalelo embalwa.

Lolu hlelo lokusebenza luphinde lube yisihloko sesasasa phakathi kwabacwaningi emkhakheni wobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), njengoba lo mthamo wokufunda wemvelo othuthukisiwe ungasheshisa inqubekelaphambili ocwaningweni lwe-AI ngamashumi eminyaka. Okuningi ngalokhu ochungechungeni lwethu lwe-Future of Artificial Intelligence.

Ukubethela. Ngokudabukisayo, lolu uhlelo lokusebenza olunabacwaningi abaningi kanye nezinhlangano zezobunhloli ezinovalo. Zonke izinsiza zamanje zokubethela zincike ekudaleni amagama ayimfihlo okungathatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuthi ikhompuyutha enkulu yesimanje ihlakazeke; amakhompuyutha e-quantum ngokombono angakwazi ukudabula laba khiye bokubethela ngaphansi kwehora.

Ibhange, ukuxhumana, izinsizakalo zokuphepha kazwelonke, i-inthanethi ngokwayo incike ekubetheleni okuthembekile ukuze isebenze. (Oh, futhi ukhohlwe nge-bitcoin futhi, uma kubhekwa ukuncika kwayo okuyinhloko ekubetheleni.) Uma lawa makhompiyutha e-quantum esebenza njengoba akhangisiwe, zonke lezi zimboni zizoba sengcupheni, ezibeka engcupheni umnotho womhlaba wonke kuze kube sakha ukubethela kwe-quantum ukugcina. ijubane.

Ukuhumusha kolimi kwesikhathi sangempela. Ukuqeda lesi sahluko kanye nalolu chungechunge ngendlela ecindezela kancane, amakhompyutha e-quantum azophinda anike amandla ukuhumusha kolimi okucishe kufane, ngesikhathi sangempela phakathi kwanoma yiziphi izilimi ezimbili, kungaba ngengxoxo ye-Skype noma ngokusebenzisa into egqokekayo noma efakwe endlebeni yakho. .

Eminyakeni engu-20, ulimi ngeke lusaba isithiyo ebhizinisini nasekuxhumaneni kwansuku zonke. Isibonelo, umuntu okhuluma isiNgisi kuphela angakwazi ukungena ngokuzethemba ebudlelwaneni bebhizinisi nabalingani bamazwe angaphandle lapho ama-brand esiNgisi ayengeke aphumelele ukungena, futhi lapho evakashela amazwe angaphandle, lo muntu angase athandane nomuntu othize. kwenzeka kuphela ukukhuluma isiCantonese.