I-Quantumrun

ISIKWELETU SESITHOMBE: I-Quantumrun

Ikusasa lokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware: Ikusasa lamakhompyutha P2

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
I-LinkedIn

ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 15:46

Ngo-1969, u-Neil Armstrong kanye no-Buzz Aldrin baba amaqhawe amazwe ngamazwe ngemva kokuba abantu bokuqala ukunyathela eNyangeni. Kodwa nakuba laba bosonkanyezi bekungamaqhawe ekhamera, kunezinkulungwane zamaqhawe angaculwa lawo ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya kwawo, lokho ukufika kweNyanga okokuqala bekungeke kwenzeke. Ambalwa kulawa maqhawe kwakungabathuthukisi be-software ababhala ikhodi yendiza. Kungani?

Nokho, amakhompyutha ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi ayelula kakhulu kunanamuhla. Eqinisweni, i-smartphone egugile yomuntu ojwayelekile iyimiyalo eminingana yobukhulu enamandla kunanoma yini esemkhathini we-Apollo 11 (kanye nawo wonke ama-1960s e-NASA ngaleyo ndaba). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhompuyutha ngaleso sikhathi ayefakwe amakhodi abathuthukisi besofthiwe abakhethekile abahlela isofthiwe ngezilimi eziyisisekelo kakhulu zemishini: Ikhodi Yomhlangano ye-AGC noma kalula, 1s kanye no-0.

Ngokomongo, elinye lala maqhawe angaculwanga, uMqondisi wohlelo lwesikhala se-Apollo we-Software Engineering Division, UMargaret Hamilton, futhi ithimba lakhe kwadingeka libhale inqwaba yekhodi (esithombeni ngezansi) ukuthi ukusebenzisa izilimi zokuhlela zanamuhla bekungabhalwa kusetshenziswa ingxenye encane yomzamo.

(Osithombeni ngenhla uMargaret Hamilton emi eduze kwesitaki sephepha eliqukethe isoftware ye-Apollo 11.)

Futhi ngokungafani nezinsuku zamanje lapho abathuthukisi be-software bekhodi cishe amaphesenti angama-80-90 ezimo ezingaba khona, ohambweni lwe-Apollo, ikhodi yabo bekufanele iphendule ngakho konke. Ukuze abeke lokhu ngombono, uMargaret ngokwakhe wathi:

"Ngenxa yephutha kubhukwana lokuhlola, inkinobho ye-radar ye-rendezvous ibekwe endaweni engafanele. Lokhu kubangele ukuthi ithumele izimpawu eziyiphutha kukhompyutha. Umphumela waba ukuthi ikhompuyutha yayicelwa ukuba yenze yonke imisebenzi yayo evamile ukuze ihlale phansi. ngenkathi ithola umthwalo owengeziwe wedatha engamanga esebenzise amaphesenti angu-15 esikhathi sayo. Ikhompyutha (noma kunalokho isofthiwe ekuyo) yayihlakaniphe ngokwanele ukuze ibone ukuthi yayicelwa ukuba yenze imisebenzi eminingi kunaleyo okufanele iyenze. Yabe isithumela ngikhiphe i-alamu, okusho ukuthi kusonkanyezi, ngigcwele imisebenzi eminingi kunaleyo okufanele ngiyenze ngalesi sikhathi, futhi ngizogcina kuphela imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu, okungukuthi, leyo edingekayo ukuze ngifike ... Empeleni , ikhompuyutha yahlelwa ukuthi yenze okungaphezu kokubona izimo zephutha.Isethi ephelele yezinhlelo zokutakula yafakwa kusofthiwe.Isenzo sesofthiwe, kulesi simo, kwakuwukuqeda imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ephansi futhi kumiswe kabusha ebaluleke kakhulu ... Ukube ikhompyutha ibingenayoyabona le nkinga futhi yathatha isinyathelo sokuyilungisa, ngiyangabaza ukuthi uma i-Apollo 11 bekungaba ukuphela kwenyanga okuyimpumelelo."

- UMargaret Hamilton, Umqondisi we-Apollo Flight Computer Programming MIT Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, "Ikhompyutha Ilayishiwe", Incwadi eya Ukugcinwa kwedatha, Mashi 1, i-1971

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kuye kwavela kusukela ngalezo zinsuku zakuqala ze-Apollo. Izilimi ezintsha zokuhlela zezinga eliphezulu zithathe indawo yenqubo eyisicefe yokubhala ikhodi ngo-1 kanye no-0 ekubhaleni ngekhodi ngamagama nezimpawu. Imisebenzi efana nokukhiqiza inombolo engahleliwe ebivame ukudinga izinsuku zokubhala ikhodi manje isithathelwa indawo ngokubhala umugqa womyalo owodwa.

Ngamanye amazwi, ukufakwa kwekhodi kwesofthiwe sekuya ngokuya kuzenzakalela, kunembile, futhi kube ngumuntu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Lezi zimfanelo zizoqhubeka kuphela esikhathini esizayo, ziqondisa ukuvela kokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ngezindlela ezizoba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Yilokhu okushiwo yilesi sahluko Ikusasa Lamakhompyutha uchungechunge luzohlola.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kubantu abaningi

Inqubo yokushintsha isidingo sokufaka ikhodi 1s kanye no-0s (ulimi lomshini) ngamagama nezimpawu (ulimi lwabantu) kubhekiselwa kuyo njengenqubo yokwengeza izendlalelo zezinto ezifingqiwe. Lezi zifinyezo zize ngendlela yezilimi ezintsha zokuhlela ezenza ngokuzenzakalelayo imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi noma evamile yenkambu ezidalelwe yona. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, kwavela izinkampani ezintsha (njenge-Caspio, QuickBase, ne-Mendi) ezaqala ukunikeza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-no-code noma amapulatifomu ekhodi ephansi.

Lawa amadeshibhodi aku-inthanethi asebenziseka kalula anika amandla ochwepheshe abangebona abezobuchwepheshe ukuthi bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokwezifiso ezifanelana nezidingo zebhizinisi labo ngendlela yokuhlanganisa amabhlogo abonakalayo ekhodi (izimpawu/izithombe). Ngamanye amazwi, esikhundleni sokugawula isihlahla bese usenza imfashini ibe ikhabethe lokugqoka, uyakha usebenzisa izingxenye ezenziwe ngaphambilini ezivela ku-Ikea.

Ngenkathi ukusebenzisa le sevisi kusadinga izinga elithile le-computer savvy, awusayidingi i-computer science degree do use it. Njengomphumela walokho, lolu hlobo lokungatholakali luvumela ukwanda kwezigidi "zabathuthukisi bezinhlelo zesofthiwe" emhlabeni wezinkampani, futhi lwenza izingane eziningi zifunde ukwenza amakhodi zisencane.

Ukuchaza kabusha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba umthuthukisi wesoftware

Kuke kwaba nesikhathi lapho indawo noma ubuso bomuntu bebungathwetshulwa kukhanvasi kuphela. Umdwebi kuzodingeka afunde futhi azilolonge iminyaka njengomfundi, afunde ubuciko bokudweba—indlela yokuhlanganisa imibala, yimaphi amathuluzi angcono kakhulu, amasu alungile okusebenzisa okubonakalayo okukhethekile. Izindleko zokuhweba kanye neminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe kahle nakho kwakusho ukuthi abadwebi babembalwa futhi bephakathi.

Khona-ke ikhamera yasungulwa. Futhi ngokuchofoza inkinobho, ukubukeka kwezwe nemifanekiso yathathwa ngesekhondi obekungathatha izinsuku ukuya emavikini ukupendwa. Futhi njengoba amakhamera ethuthuka, eshibhile, futhi anda kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho manje esefakwe ngisho naku-smartphone eyisisekelo kakhulu, ukuthwebula umhlaba osizungezile kwaba umsebenzi ovamile futhi ovamile wonke umuntu manje abamba iqhaza kuwo.

Njengoba izifinyezo ziqhubeka futhi izilimi ezintsha zesofthiwe zishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo umsebenzi ovamile wokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, kuzosho ukuthini ukuba umthuthukisi wesofthiwe eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kwengama-20? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, ake sihlole ukuthi abathuthukisi be-software bangomuso bazokwenza kanjani izinhlelo zokusebenza zakusasa:

*Okokuqala, wonke umsebenzi wokubhala ngekhodi ojwayelekile, ophindaphindayo uzonyamalala. Esikhundleni salo kuzoba nomtapo wolwazi omkhulu wokuziphatha kwengxenye echazwe ngaphambilini, ama-UI, kanye nokukhohlisa kokugeleza kwedatha (izingxenye ze-Ikea).

*Njenganamuhla, abaqashi noma osomabhizinisi bazochaza izinjongo ezithile kanye nezinto ezilethwa abathuthukisi be-software ukuze bazenze ngezinhlelo zesofthiwe ezikhethekile noma izinkundla.

*Laba bathuthukisi bazobe sebekhipha imephu yesu labo lokuqalisa futhi baqale ukwenza i-prototyping okusalungiswa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwesofthiwe yabo ngokufinyelela umtapo wabo wengxenye futhi basebenzise izixhumanisi ezibonakalayo ukuze bazixhumanise ndawonye—izixhumanisi ezibonakalayo ezifinyelelwa nge-augmented reality (AR) noma i-virtual reality (VR).

*Amasistimu obuhlakani bokwenziwa akhethekile (AI) aklanyelwe ukuqonda amagoli nezinto ezilethwa okushiwo okusalungiswa kwawo kokuqala konjiniyela, azobe esecwenga umklamo wesofthiwe osalungiswa futhi enze ngokuzenzakalelayo konke ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi.

*Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni, i-AI izobe isibuza inqwaba yemibuzo kumthuthukisi (mhlawumbe ngokukhulumisana ngamazwi, okufana ne-Alexa), efuna ukuqonda kangcono nokuchaza izinjongo zephrojekthi kanye nezinto ezilethwayo futhi ixoxe ngokuthi isofthiwe kufanele yenze kanjani ezimeni ezihlukahlukene. kanye nezindawo.

*Ngokusekelwe empendulweni yonjiniyela, i-AI izofunda kancane kancane inhloso yakhe futhi ikhiqize ikhodi ukuze ibonise imigomo yephrojekthi.

*Lokhu kuya phambili naphambili, ukusebenzisana komshini womuntu kuzophinda inguqulo ngemva kwenguqulo yesofthiwe kuze kube inguqulo eqediwe nethengisekayo isilungele ukusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi noma ukudayiselwa umphakathi.

*Eqinisweni, lokhu kubambisana kuzoqhubeka ngemva kokuba isofthiwe isichayeke ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba wangempela. Njengoba kubikwa iziphazamisi ezilula, i-AI izozilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngendlela ebonisa izinhloso ezifiselekayo ezivezwe phakathi nenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, izimbungulu ezingathi sína zizodinga ukusebenzisana kwabantu ne-AI ukuxazulula inkinga.

Sekukonke, abathuthukisi besofthiwe besikhathi esizayo bazogxila kancane kokuthi 'kanjani' nangaphezulu kokuthi 'yini' nokuthi 'kungani.' Bazoba yingcweti encane futhi bangabadwebi bezakhiwo. Ukuhlela kuzoba umsebenzi wobuhlakani ozodinga abantu abakwazi ukuxhumana ngendlela ehlelekile nenhloso kanye nemiphumela ngendlela i-AI engayiqonda bese i-auto-code uhlelo lokusebenza lwedijithali oluqediwe noma inkundla.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware okuqhutshwa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa

Njengoba kunikezwe lesi sigaba esingenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi sinomuzwa wokuthi i-AI izodlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwayo akuyona nje injongo yokwenza abathuthukisi be-software baphumelele kakhudlwana, kukhona amandla ebhizinisi abangela lo mkhuba futhi.

Ukuncintisana phakathi kwezinkampani zokuthuthukisa isoftware uya ngokuya ushuba unyaka nonyaka. Ezinye izinkampani zincintisana ngokuthenga izimbangi zazo. Abanye bancintisana ngokuhlukaniswa kwesoftware. Inselele ngalelisu lakamuva ukuthi alivikeleki kalula. Noma yisiphi isici sesofthiwe noma ukuthuthukisa inkampani eyodwa enikeza amaklayenti ayo, izimbangi zayo zingakopisha kalula.

Ngalesi sizathu, sezihambile izinsuku lapho izinkampani zikhipha isoftware entsha njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Kulezi zinsuku, izinkampani ezigxile ekuhlukaniseni zinezisusa zezezimali zokukhulula isofthiwe entsha, ukulungiswa kwesofthiwe, nezici zesofthiwe ngokuqhubekayo. Lapho izinkampani zenza izinto ezintsha ngokushesha, kulapho ziqhuba kakhulu ukwethembeka kwamakhasimende futhi zandise izindleko zokushintshela kwabaqhudelana nabo. Lokhu kushintshela ekulethweni okuvamile kwezibuyekezo zesofthiwe ekhuphukayo kuwumkhuba obizwa ngokuthi "ukulethwa okuqhubekayo."

Ngeshwa, ukulethwa okuqhubekayo akulula. Cishe ingxenye yesine yezinkampani zama-software zanamuhla zingasebenzisa ishejuli yokukhishwa efunwa ngalo mkhuba. Futhi yingakho kunentshisekelo engaka ekusebenziseni i-AI ukusheshisa izinto.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-AI izogcina ibambe iqhaza elikhulayo lokuhlanganyela ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware. Kepha esikhathini esifushane, izinkampani ziyisebenzisela ukwandisa izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi (zokuhlola) zesoftware. Futhi ezinye izinkampani zizama ukusebenzisa i-AI ukwenza imibhalo yesofthiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo—inqubo yokulandelela ukukhishwa kwezici ezintsha nezingxenye nokuthi zakhiqizwa kanjani kuze kufike ezingeni lekhodi.

Sekukonke, i-AI izokhula ngokudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware. Lezo zinkampani zama-software ezikwazi kahle ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusenesikhathi ekugcineni zizojabulela ukukhula okuphawulekayo ngaphezu kwezimbangi zazo. Kodwa ukuze uthole lezi zinzuzo ze-AI, imboni izodinga futhi ukubona intuthuko ohlangothini lwehadiwe lezinto—isigaba esilandelayo sizonaba ngaleli phuzu.

Isofthiwe njengesevisi

Zonke izinhlobo zochwepheshe zisebenzisa isofthiwe ye-Adobe lapho kwakhiwa ubuciko bedijithali noma umsebenzi wokuklama. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, uthenge isofthiwe ye-Adobe njenge-CD futhi uphethe ukusetshenziswa kwayo phakade, uthenga izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe zesikhathi esizayo njengoba kudingeka. Kodwa maphakathi nawo-2010, i-Adobe yashintsha isu layo.

Esikhundleni sokuthenga ama-CD e-software anokhiye abacasulayo bobunikazi, amakhasimende e-Adobe manje sekuzodingeka akhokhe ukubhalisa kwanyanga zonke ukuze athole ilungelo lokulanda isofthiwe ye-Adobe emishinini yawo yekhompyutha, isofthiwe engasebenza kuphela eceleni koxhumano lwe-inthanethi oluvamile ukuya njalo kumaseva e-Adobe. .

Ngalolu shintsho, amakhasimende awasenayo isofthiwe ye-Adobe; bayiqasha njengokudingeka kwayo. Ukubuyisela, amakhasimende akusadingeki ukuthi athenge njalo izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe zesofthiwe ye-Adobe; inqobo nje uma bebhalisele isevisi ye-Adobe, bazohlala benezibuyekezo zakamuva ezilayishwa kudivayisi yabo ngokushesha lapho bekhululwa (ngokuvamile izikhathi ezimbalwa ngonyaka).

Lesi isibonelo esisodwa kuphela samathrendi amakhulu kakhulu esofthiwe esiwabonile eminyakeni yakamuva: ukuthi isofthiwe ishintshela kanjani kusevisi esikhundleni somkhiqizo ozimele. Futhi hhayi kuphela isofthiwe encane, ekhethekile, kodwa wonke amasistimu wokusebenza, njengoba sibonile ngokukhululwa kwe-Microsoft Windows 10 update. Ngamanye amazwi, isofthiwe njengesevisi (SaaS).

Isoftware yokuzifundela (i-SLS)

Ngokwakhela embonini ishintshela ku-SaaS, kuvela inkambiso entsha esikhaleni sesoftware ehlanganisa kokubili i-SaaS ne-AI. Izinkampani ezihamba phambili ezivela e-Amazon, Google, Microsoft, kanye ne-IBM seziqalile ukunikeza ingqalasizinda yazo ye-AI njengesevisi kumakhasimende abo.

Ngamanye amazwi, i-AI nokufunda komshini akusafinyeleleki kuma-software giants kuphela, manje noma iyiphi inkampani nonjiniyela bangafinyelela izinsiza ze-AI eziku-inthanethi ukuze bakhe isofthiwe yokuzifundela (SLS).

Sizoxoxa ngamakhono e-AI ngokuningiliziwe ochungechungeni lwethu lwe-Future of Artificial Intelligence, kodwa kumongo walesi sahluko, sizosho ukuthi abathuthukisi be-software bamanje nabazayo bazodala i-SLS ukuze bakhe amasistimu amasha alindele imisebenzi edinga ukwenziwa futhi. vele uzigcwalisele wena ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi umsizi we-AI wesikhathi esizayo uzofunda isitayela sakho somsebenzi ehhovisi futhi aqale ukukugcwalisela imisebenzi eyisisekelo, njengokufometha amadokhumenti ngendlela othanda ngayo, ukubhala ama-imeyili akho ngethoni yezwi lakho, ukuphatha ikhalenda lakho lomsebenzi nokunye okwengeziwe.

Ekhaya, lokhu kungase kusho ukuba nohlelo lwe-SLS oluphatha ikhaya lakho elihlakaniphile lesikhathi esizayo, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi efana nokushisisa ikhaya lakho ngaphambi kokuba ufike noma ukulandelela igilosa odinga ukuyithenga.

Ngeminyaka yawo-2020 kuya kowezi-2030, lezi zinhlelo ze-SLS zizodlala indima ebalulekile ezimakethe zezinkampani, zikahulumeni, ezempi, kanye nabathengi, kancane kancane zisize ngayinye ukuthi ithuthukise umkhiqizo wayo futhi inciphise ukumoshwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo. Sizofaka ubuchwepheshe be-SLS imininingwane eyengeziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kulolu chungechunge.

Nokho, kukhona ukubamba kukho konke lokhu.

Okuwukuphela kwendlela amamodeli we-SaaS kanye ne-SLS asebenza ngayo uma i-inthanethi (noma ingqalasizinda engemuva kwayo) iqhubeka nokukhula futhi ithuthuke, eduze kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha nezokugcina ezisebenzisa 'ifu' lezi zinhlelo ze-SaaS/SLS ezisebenza kuzo. Ngokujabulisayo, amathrendi esiwalandelayo abukeka ethembisa.

Ukuze ufunde mayelana nokuthi i-inthanethi izokhula futhi iguquke kanjani, funda yethu Ikusasa le-inthanethi uchungechunge. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi i-hardware yekhompuyutha izothuthuka kanjani, funda ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi ezingezansi!