Ukukhipha usawoti emanzini: Ukunciphisa umthwalo wokoma

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1900 kuya phambili, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-11 babhubha ngenxa yemiphumela esabalele yesomiso. Isomiso - isikhathi esingaphansi kwesilinganiso senani lemvula endaweni - inkinga yomhlaba wonke ekhulayo. Imiphumela ihlanganisa ukuncipha kwamanzi ahlanzekile, indlala nezifo.

Ukubaluleka kokukhipha usawoti emanzini emhlabeni wonke

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe inani labantu elikhulayo, ucwaningo luhlose ukuthuthukisa isisombululo salezi zinkinga. Ukumba amanzi angaphansi kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile kuyizibonelo zezixazululo zesikhashana. Phakathi kwalezi zixazululo wukukhipha usawoti emanzini. Ukukhipha usawoti emanzini kuyinqubo yokuphoqa amanzi anosawoti kulwelwesi nge-osmosis ehlehlayo, ehlukanisa amanzi ahlanzekile nokungcola. Nakuba isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezifana ne-Israel ne-California, ukukhipha usawoti emanzini kusazosetshenziswa umhlaba wonke ngenxa yedumela layo lokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu.

Indlela yokunciphisa izindleko iwukufaka esikhundleni sezinto eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa kulwelwesi lokwakha ngento engabizi kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi i-polyamide. Ngeshwa, lokhu kushintsha kuza nenye intengo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-chlorine iyikhemikhali ekhona ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi ukuze ibhubhise amagciwane, kodwa ukuthintana ne-polyamide kwehlisa ulwelwesi. Ukuze ugweme ukuwohloka, ukukhishwa kwe-chlorine kuba isinyathelo esengeziwe enqubweni yokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Kodwa-ke, lapho i-chlorine ingekho, amagciwane angenzeka futhi avimbele ukugeleza kwamanzi.

Isixazululo esingaba khona ukufaka i-graphene oxide esikhundleni se-polyamide. I-graphene eyinhlanganisela inesakhiwo esifana nekhekheba lezinyosi. Kubikezelwa ukuthi le nto izongena emanzini futhi ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukucindezela okudingekayo ukuze kunqume ukugeleza kwamanzi.

Ososayensi bezinto ze-MIT, uJeff Grossman, Shreya Dave, kanye nozakwabo, basebenzisa le nhlanganisela ocwaningweni lwabo. Ama-graphene flakes, akhishwa ezingxenyeni ze-graphite, afakwa emanzini. Uketshezi lube selumuncwa nge-vacuum filtration, kushiye amashidi njengezinsalela. Izinsalela zihlanganiswa ukuze zenze izingcezu ngokuhlanganisa ama-athomu ekhabhoni nawe-oxygen. Lokhu kuhlangana kuyashintshwa ukuze kwenziwe izikhala phakathi kwama-flakes zibe zinkulu ngokwanele ukuvumela ukugeleza kwama-molecule amanzi kuyilapho kuvimbela usawoti nokunye ukungcola. Kwafakazelwa ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi ahamba kalula ngolwelwesi lwe-graphite kune-polyamide. Kuphinde kuthiwe lokhu okubalulekile kungaqhubeka nokunciphisa izimfuno zamandla ngenxa yokumelana okuncane nama-molecule amanzi, nakuba le mbono isazohlolwa. Ukwengeza, izindleko ze-graphene oxide azihlukani kakhulu nenani le-polyamide.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-desalination kwa-Israyeli

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-Israel yatholakala ibhekene nenkinga yesomiso esibi kakhulu eminyakeni engama-900. Ukuze alwe nezindawo ezomile, u-Israyeli wahlola umkhankaso kazwelonke wokuqinisekisa ukongiwa kwamanzi. Ngo-2007, kwaqala ukusetshenziswa izindlu zangasese ezingagelezi kahle kakhulu kanye namashawa, futhi amanzi aphuma ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi aphinde asetshenziswe ukuze kuniselwe. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko enkulu yeza ngemva kokuqaliswa kwezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Njengesibonelo, imboni yokukhipha usawoti emanzini i-Sorek yaqala ukusebenza ngo-Okthoba 2013. Itholakala kumamayela ayishumi eningizimu ye-Tel Aviv futhi iyisikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokukhipha usawoti emanzini e-reverse-osmosis emhlabeni.

Ukulandela ukugeleza kwamanzi okucindezelwe, inkinga evamile enqubweni yokukhipha usawoti emanzini izindleko zokuhlanza izimbotshana ezivinjiwe kuma-molecule asele. U-Edo Bar-Zeev kanye nozakwabo, abavela ku-Israel Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, bathole into ephawulekayo yokuthuthukisa ukuhlukana phakathi kwamanzi nokungcola. Basebenzisa itshe le-lava elinezimbotshana lapho ama-microorganisms avinjwa ukuthi axhumane nolwelwesi. Lobu buchwepheshe buthuthukise ukusebenza kwezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Manje, amaphesenti angama-55 amanzi asekhaya athola imithombo yawo ezitshalweni ezikhipha usawoti emanzini.

Amadiski e-aluminium - ahlinzeka emazweni asathuthuka

Olunye ucwaningo luncike kwezinye izinto ezifana ne-carbon nanotubes njengolwelwesi. Inkinga eyisisekelo yokuhlanganisa lokho okutholakele yizindleko. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ezinjalo kufanele kubhekwe ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Kunezindawo zasemaphandleni emhlabeni jikelele ezingakathuthukisiwe futhi okungenzeka zingabi nazo izinsiza zokuthuthukisa izimboni zokukhipha usawoti emanzini ukuze zibhekelele ezinye izindawo.

Ukuze amelane nale nselele, uJia Zhu waseNanjing University eShayina kanye nozakwabo basebenze kwezinye izindawo zamandla, njengelanga. Nokho kuye ngokuthintana okuqondile kuphela kusuka elangeni kuyakhawulela. Ucwaningo lubheka ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimuncayo ukuze kwandiswe inani lamandla avela elangeni. Isixazululo esingase sibe khona ukusetshenziswa kwamadiski e-aluminium abamba ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-96 okukhanya kwelanga - amaphesenti angama-90 awo asetshenziselwa ukwenza umhwamuko wamanzi. Izindinganiso zokuphuza nazo ziyahlangatshezwa ngale ndlela. Uma isetshenziswa, i-aluminiyamu iyimpahla ebiza kancane futhi ingakhiqiza amanzi ngenani elifanayo nezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamanzi acwengekile acwengekile ngemuva kokuhwamuka, ukungabikho kwamaminerali afana ne-magnesium ne-calcium kuwumphumela. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kusebenza njengesixazululo sesikhashana kodwa akufanele kusetshenziswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.