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I-Geopolitics yewebhu engashintshiwe: Ikusasa Le-inthanethi P9

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
I-LinkedIn

Msombuluko, 09/14/2020 - 13:28

Lawula nge-inthanethi. Ubani ozoba ngeyakho? Ubani ozolwa ngakho? Izobukeka kanjani ezandleni zabalambele amandla?

Kuze kube manje ochungechungeni lwethu Lwekusasa Lochungechunge Lwe-inthanethi, sichaze umbono onethemba elikhulu wewebhu—owokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, usizo, kanye nezimangaliso. Sigxile kubuchwepheshe obusekela umhlaba wethu wedijithali wesikhathi esizayo, kanye nokuthi buzoba nomthelela kanjani empilweni yethu yomuntu siqu neyomphakathi.

Kodwa siphila emhlabeni wangempela. Futhi esingazange sikuhlanganise kuze kube manje ukuthi labo abafuna ukulawula iwebhu bazoba nomthelela kanjani ekukhuleni kwe-inthanethi.

Uyabona, iwebhu ikhula kakhulu futhi kanjalo nenani ledatha umphakathi wethu elikhiqiza unyaka nonyaka. Lokhu kukhula okungenakunyakaziswa kumelela usongo olukhona ekulawuleni kukahulumeni izakhamuzi zakhe. Ngokwemvelo, lapho kuphakama ubuchwepheshe bokwehlukanisa amandla ukwakheka kwamandla ama-elite, lawo ma-elite afanayo azozama ukufaneleka lobo buchwepheshe ukuze kugcinwe ukulawula nokugcina ukuhleleka. Lokhu ukulandisa okuyisisekelo kwakho konke ozokufunda.

Kulolu chungechunge lwamanqamu, sizohlola ukuthi i-capitalism engavinjelwe, i-geopolitics, kanye nokunyakaza kwezishoshovu ezingaphansi komhlaba kuzohlangana kanjani futhi kulwe impi evulekile yewebhu. Umphumela wale mpi ungasho uhlobo lomhlaba wedijithali esizogcina sinawo emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

I-Capitalism ithatha ulwazi lwethu lwewebhu

Ziningi izizathu zokufuna ukulawula i-inthanethi, kodwa isizathu esilula sokuqonda ukuthi isisusa sokwenza imali, i-capitalist drive. Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, sibone iziqalo zokuthi lobu bugovu bebhizinisi bulolonga kanjani kabusha ulwazi lwewebhu lomuntu ojwayelekile.

Mhlawumbe umfanekiso obonakala kakhulu webhizinisi elizimele elizama ukulawula iwebhu umncintiswano phakathi kwabahlinzeki be-Broadband base-US kanye neziqhwaga zaseSilicon Valley. Njengoba izinkampani ezifana neNetflix ziqala ukukhulisa kakhulu inani ledatha esetshenziswayo ekhaya, abahlinzeki be-Broadband bazame ukushaja izinsizakalo zokusakaza ngenani eliphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amawebhusayithi asebenzise idatha encane ye-broadband. Lokhu kuqale impikiswano enkulu ngokungathathi hlangothi kwewebhu nokuthi ubani okufanele abeke imithetho kuwebhu.

Kwabalingisi baseSilicon Valley, babone umdlalo izinkampani ze-broadband ezaziwenza njengosongo enzuzweni yazo kanye nosongo emisha jikelele. Ngenhlanhla yomphakathi, ngenxa yethonya leSilicon Valley kuhulumeni, nangokwesiko ngokubanzi, abahlinzeki be-broadband bahlulekile kakhulu emizamweni yabo yokuba umnikazi wewebhu.

Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi benza ngokunganaki ngokuphelele. Abaningi babo banezinhlelo zabo uma kukhulunywa ngokubusa iwebhu. Ezinkampanini zewebhu, inzuzo incike kakhulu kwikhwalithi nobude bokuzibandakanya ezikukhiqizayo kubasebenzisi. Le metric ikhuthaza izinkampani zewebhu ukuthi zenze ama-ecosystem amakhulu aku-inthanethi ezethemba ukuthi abasebenzisi bazohlala ngaphakathi, kunokuvakashela izimbangi zabo. Eqinisweni, lolu uhlobo lokulawula okungaqondile kwewebhu oyitholayo.

Isibonelo esijwayelekile salokhu kulawulwa kokuketula ukusakaza. Esikhathini esedlule, lapho uphequlula iwebhu ukuze udle izindaba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zemidiya, lokho ngokuvamile kwakusho ukuthayipha i-URL noma ukuchofoza isixhumanisi ukuze uvakashele amawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene. Kulezi zinsuku, kubasebenzisi abaningi bama-smartphone, ulwazi lwabo lwewebhu lwenzeka kakhulu ngezinhlelo zokusebenza, amasistimu e-ecosystem azivale wona akunikeza ngebanga lemidiya, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokukudinga ukuthi ushiye uhlelo lokusebenza ukuze uthole noma uthumele imidiya.

Uma uzibandakanya namasevisi afana ne-Facebook noma i-Netflix, abagcini nje ngokukusebenzela abezindaba - ama-algorithms abo aklanywe kahle aqapha ngokucophelela yonke into oyichofozayo, njengenhliziyo, amazwana kukho, njll. Ngale nqubo, lawa ma-algorithms akala ubuntu bakho. kanye nezithakazelo ezinomgomo wokugcina wokukunikeza okuqukethwe okungenzeka ukuthi uhlanganyele nakho, ngaleyo ndlela kukudonsela ku-ecosystem yabo ngokujule kakhulu nangesikhathi eside.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lawa ma-algorithms akunikeza isevisi ewusizo ngokukwethula kokuqukethwe okungenzeka ukuthi ukujabulele kakhulu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, lawa ma-algorithms alawula imidiya oyidlayo futhi akuvikela kokuqukethwe okungase kube inselele endleleni ocabanga ngayo kanye nendlela obona ngayo umhlaba. Lawa ma-algorithms akugcina usebhamuzeni elakheke kahle, elingenzi lutho, elikhethiwe, ngokuphambene newebhu ezihlole wena lapho ubuzifunele khona izindaba nemidiya ngokwemibandela yakho.

Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, eziningi zalezi zinkampani zewebhu zizoqhubeka nokufuna ukuba ngumnikazi wokunaka kwakho ku-inthanethi. Lokhu bazokwenza ngokuba nomthelela omkhulu, bese bethenga izinkampani eziningi zemidiya—ukugxilisa ubunikazi bemithombo yezindaba nangaphezulu.

Ukusebenzisa iwebhu ukuze kuvikeleke izwe

Nakuba izinkampani zingafuna ukulawula ulwazi lwakho lwewebhu ukuze zanelise umgomo wazo, ohulumeni banezinhlelo ezimnyama kakhulu.

Lolu hlelo lwenze izindaba zomhlaba wonke kulandela ukuputshuka kwe-Snowden ngesikhathi kuvela ukuthi i-US National Security Agency yasebenzisa ukuqapha okungekho emthethweni ukuhlola abantu bayo kanye nabanye ohulumeni. Lo mcimbi, ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi esidlule, safaka ipolitiki ukungathathi hlangothi kwewebhu futhi sagcizelela kabusha umqondo “wobukhosi bezobuchwepheshe,” lapho isizwe sizama khona ukulawula idatha yesakhamuzi saso nomsebenzi wewebhu.

Ngemva kokuphathwa njengenkathazo, ihlazo laphoqa ohulumeni bomhlaba ukuthi bathathe izikhundla eziqinile mayelana ne-inthanethi, ukuphepha kwabo ku-inthanethi, kanye nezinqubomgomo zabo maqondana nemithetho ye-inthanethi—kokubili ukuvikela (nokuzivikela) ezakhamuzini zabo kanye nobudlelwano babo nezinye izizwe.

Ngenxa yalokho, abaholi bezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke bayithethisa i-US futhi baqala nokutshala imali ezindleleni zokwenza ingqalasizinda yabo ye-inthanethi ibe bukazwelonke. Izibonelo ezimbalwa:

Brazil kumemezela uhlela ukwakha ikhebula le-inthanethi eliya e-Portugal ukugwema ukugadwa kwe-NSA. Baphinde basuka ekusebenziseni i-Microsoft Outlook baya kwisevisi ethuthukiswe uhulumeni ebizwa nge-Espresso.
China kumemezela izoqeda i-2,000 km, cishe engenakunyakaziswa, inethiwekhi yokuxhumana ye-quantum ukusuka eBeijing kuya e-Shanghai ngo-2016, ngezinhlelo zokunweba inethiwekhi emhlabeni wonke ngo-2030.
I-Russia yagunyaza umthetho ophoqa izinkampani zewebhu zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi zigcine idatha eziziqoqayo mayelana nama-Russian ezikhungweni zedatha ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-Russia.

Esidlangalaleni, isizathu salokhu kutshalwa kwezimali bekuwukuvikela ubumfihlo bezakhamuzi zaso ekugadweni kwasentshonalanga, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi konke kumayelana nokulawula. Uyabona, asikho kulezi zinyathelo ezivikela kakhulu umuntu ojwayelekile ekugadweni ngedijithali kwamanye amazwe. Ukuvikela idatha yakho kuncike kakhulu ekutheni idatha yakho idluliselwa futhi igcinwe kanjani, kakhulu kunalapho itholakala khona.

Futhi njengoba sibonile ngemuva kokuwa kwamafayela e-Snowden, izinhlangano zezobunhloli zikahulumeni azinantshisekelo yokuthuthukisa izindinganiso zokubethela kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile wewebhu—eqinisweni, zifuna ukulwa nawo ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha kazwelonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnyakazo okhulayo wokwenza ukuqoqwa kwedatha kube okwasendaweni (bona i-Russia ngenhla) empeleni kusho ukuthi idatha yakho ifinyeleleka kalula ngamaphoyisa wendawo, okungezona izindaba ezinhle uma uhlala ezifundazweni zase-Orwellian ezikhulayo njengeRussia noma i-China.

Lokhu kuletha ukugxila kwemikhuba yesikhathi esizayo yokwenza ubuzwe bewebhu: Ukufakwa endaweni eyodwa ukuze kulawulwe kalula idatha futhi kwenziwe ukugada nokwenziwa kwasendaweni kokuqoqwa kwedatha kanye nokulawulwa kwewebhu okuvuna imithetho yasekhaya nezinkampani.

Ukuhlolwa kwewebhu kuyavuthwa

Ukucwaninga cishe kuyindlela eqondwa kakhulu yokulawulwa komphakathi okusekelwe uhulumeni, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuwebhu kukhula ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke. Izizathu ezibangela lokhu kubhebhetheka ziyehluka, kodwa izephula-mthetho ezimbi kakhulu imvamisa yilezo zizwe ezinabantu abaningi kodwa abampofu, noma izizwe ezilawulwa yisigaba esibusayo esilondoloza umphakathi.

Isibonelo esidume kakhulu se-web censorship yesimanje ngu I-Firewall Enkulu yaseChina. Idizayinelwe ukuvimba amawebhusayithi asekhaya nawamazwe ngamazwe ohlwini lwabavinjelwe lwase-China (uhlu olunamasayithi angu-19,000 kusukela ngo-2015), le firewall isekelwe izigidi ezimbili abasebenzi bakahulumeni abaqapha ngenkuthalo amawebhusayithi e-Chinese, inkundla yezokuxhumana, amabhulogi, namanethiwekhi okuthumela imiyalezo ukuze bazame ukuqeda umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni nophikisayo. I-Great Firewall yase-China yandisa ikhono layo lokulawula ngokuqondile umphakathi wabantu baseShayina. Maduze, uma uyisakhamuzi saseShayina, abahloli bakahulumeni kanye nama-algorithms azomaka abangani onabo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, imilayezo oyithumela ku-inthanethi, nezinto ozithenga kumasayithi e-e-commerce. Uma umsebenzi wakho ku-inthanethi wehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni eziqinile zomphakathi, izokwehlisa isikolo sakho sekhredithi, okunomthelela ekhonweni lakho lokuthola imalimboleko, izimvume zokuvakasha ezivikelekile, ngisho nokuthola izinhlobo ezithile zemisebenzi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazwe aseNtshonalanga lapho izakhamuzi zizizwa zivikelekile ngemithetho yenkululeko yokukhuluma/yokuveza imibono. Ngokudabukisayo, ukucutshungulwa ngendlela yaseNtshonalanga kungase konakalise ngokufanayo inkululeko yomphakathi.

Emazweni aseYurophu lapho inkululeko yokukhuluma ingaphelele khona, ohulumeni bangena ngokunyenya emithethweni yokucwaninga ngaphansi kokuzenzisa bavikela umphakathi. Ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi kahulumeni, abahlinzeki besevisi ye-inthanethi abaphezulu base-UK—i-Virgin, Talk Talk, BT, kanye ne-Sky—bavumile ukwengeza “inkinobho yokubika esidlangalaleni” yedijithali lapho umphakathi ungabika noma yikuphi okuqukethwe ku-inthanethi okukhuthaza inkulumo yobuphekula noma eyeqisayo kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokocansi kwezingane.

Ukubika lokhu ngokusobala kuwukusiza umphakathi, kodwa ukubika okokuqala kuncike ngokuphelele kulokho abantu abakubiza ngokuthi kunokweqisa—ilebula uhulumeni ngelinye ilanga angakwazi ukulikhulisa libe yimisebenzi eminingi kanye namaqembu anentshisekelo ekhethekile ngokusebenzisa incazelo ekhululekile isikhathi (eqinisweni, izibonelo zalokhu sezivele ziyavela).

Khonamanjalo, emazweni asebenzisa uhlobo oluphelele lokuvikelwa kwenkulumo yamahhala, njenge-US, ukucwaninga kuthatha uhlobo lobuzwe obukhulu (“Unathi noma uphikisana nathi”), ukumangalelana okumba eqolo, ukuhlazeka komphakathi ngabezindaba, kanye -njengoba sibonile ngo-Snowden-ukuguguleka kwemithetho yokuvikela ababi.

Ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule, hhayi kunciphe, ngemuva kwezaba zokuvikela umphakathi ezinsongweni zobugebengu namaphekula. Empeleni, ngokusho kweFreedomhouse.org:

Phakathi kukaMeyi 2013 noMeyi 2014, amazwe angu-41 aphasise noma umthetho ohlongozwayo wokujezisa izinhlobo ezisemthethweni zenkulumo ku-inthanethi, ukukhulisa amandla kahulumeni okulawula okuqukethwe noma ukwandisa amandla okuqapha kahulumeni.
Kusukela ngoMeyi 2013, ukuboshwa kwezokuxhumana nge-inthanethi okuhlobene nezepolitiki nezindaba zomphakathi kwabhalwa emazweni angama-38 kwangu-65 aqashwe ngeso lokhozi, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, lapho kuboshwe khona emazweni ayi-10 kwangu-11 ahlolwe esifundeni.
Ingcindezi kumawebhusayithi ezindaba azimele, phakathi kwemithombo embalwa engavinjelwe yolwazi emazweni amaningi, yanda kakhulu. Inqwaba yezintatheli zezakhamizi zahlaselwa ngesikhathi zibika ngezingxabano eSyria kanye nemibhikisho emelene nohulumeni e-Egypt, Turkey nase-Ukraine. Abanye ohulumeni banyuse amalayisense nokulawula amapulatifomu ewebhu.
Ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula eParis ngo-2015, abomthetho baseFrance waqala ukufona amathuluzi aku-inthanethi wokungaziwa ukuze akhawulelwe emphakathini. Kungani bengenza lesi sicelo? Ake sijule.

Ukuphakama kwewebhu ejulile nemnyama

Ngenxa yalo myalelo kahulumeni okhulayo wokuqapha nokuhlola umsebenzi wethu ku-inthanethi, amaqembu ezakhamuzi ezithintekayo ezinamakhono akhethekile ayavela ngenhloso yokuvikela inkululeko yethu.

Osomabhizinisi, abaduni, kanye namaqoqo alwela inkululeko akha emhlabeni wonke ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge lokuvukela umbuso. Amathuluzi ukusiza umphakathi ukubalekela iso ledijithali le-Big Brother. Okuyinhloko kulawa mathuluzi yi-TOR (I-Onion Router) kanye newebhu ejulile.

Nakuba kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuningi, i-TOR iyithuluzi elihamba phambili labaduni, izinhloli, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi ezithintekayo (futhi yebo, nezigebengu nazo) ezizisebenzisayo ukugwema ukugadwa kuwebhu. Njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, i-TOR isebenza ngokusabalalisa umsebenzi wakho wewebhu ngokusebenzisa izendlalelo eziningi zabalamuli, ukuze ufiphaze ubunikazi bakho bewebhu phakathi kwalabo babanye abasebenzisi abaningi be-TOR.

Intshisekelo nokusetshenziswa kwe-TOR kuqhume ngemuva kwe-Snowden, futhi izoqhubeka nokukhula. Kodwa lolu hlelo lusasebenza ngesabelomali esilula esiqinile esiqhutshwa amavolontiya nezinhlangano manje ezisebenzisanayo ukukhulisa inani le-TOR relays (izendlalelo) ukuze inethiwekhi isebenze ngokushesha nangokuvikeleka okwengeziwe ekukhuleni kwayo okulindelwe.

I-deep web iqukethe amasayithi afinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu kodwa angabonakali ezinjinini zokusesha. Ngenxa yalokho, bahlala bengabonakali kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwalabo abakwaziyo okufanele bakubheke. Lawa masayithi ngokuvamile aqukethe imininingwane egciniwe evikelwe ngephasiwedi, amadokhumenti, ulwazi lwebhizinisi, njll. Iwebhu ejulile iphinda izikhathi ezingu-500 kunosayizi wewebhu ebonakalayo umuntu ovamile ayifinyelela nge-Google.

Yebo, njengoba ziwusizo njengoba lezi zindawo ziwusizo ezinkampanini, ziphinde ziyithuluzi elikhulayo labagebengu kanye nezishoshovu. Aziwa ngokuthi ama-Darknets (i-TOR enye yazo), lawa amanethiwekhi ontanga kuya kontanga asebenzisa izivumelwano ze-inthanethi ezingajwayelekile ukuze axhumane futhi abelane ngamafayela ngaphandle kokutholwa. Kuya ngezwe kanye nokuthi izinqubomgomo zokugada umphakathi zidlulele kangakanani, amathrendi akhomba ngokuqinile kulawa mathuluzi e-niche hacker abe yinsakavukela ngo-2025. Okudingekayo amahlazo ambalwa okugadwa komphakathi kanye nokwethulwa kwamathuluzi e-darknet asebenziseka kalula. Futhi lapho sezihamba phambili, izinkampani ze-e-commerce nemidiya zizolandela, zidonsa ingxenye enkulu yewebhu kwalasha ongalandeleki uhulumeni azothola cishe kungenakwenzeka ukuwulandelela.

Ukugada kuhamba ngazo zombili

Ngenxa yokuvuza kwakamuva kwe-Snowden, manje sekuyacaca ukuthi ukubhekwa okukhulu phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamizi zakhe kungahamba ngazo zombili. Njengoba imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni kanye nezokuxhumana kufakwa kwidijithali, ziba sengcupheni enkulu yemithombo yezindaba emikhulu kanye nophenyo kanye nokubhekwa kwezishoshovu (ukugebenga).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba yethu Ikusasa Lamakhompyutha uchungechunge oluveziwe, ukuthuthuka kwekhompuyutha ye-Quantum maduzane kuzokwenza wonke amagama ayimfihlo esimanje kanye nezivumelwano zokubethela ziphelelwe yisikhathi. Uma wengeza ukukhuphuka okungaba khona kwama-AI ekuxubeni, khona-ke ohulumeni kuzodingeka balwe nezihlakaniphi zemishini ezingcono kakhulu ezingeke zicabange ngomusa kakhulu mayelana nokubhekwa.

Uhulumeni wobumbano cishe uzolawula zombili lezi zinto ezintsha ngobudlova, kodwa futhi ngeke uhlale ungaphandle kwezishoshovu ezizimisele zenkululeko. Kungakho, ngeminyaka yawo-2030s, sizoqala ukungena enkathini lapho kungekho lutho olungahlala luyimfihlo kuwebhu—ngaphandle kwedatha ehlukaniswe ngokoqobo newebhu (uyazi, njengezincwadi ezinhle, zesidala). Lo mkhuba uzophoqa ukusheshisa kwamanje ukubusa komthombo ovulekile ukunyakaza emhlabeni wonke, lapho imininingwane kahulumeni yenziwa yatholakala ngokukhululekile ukuze kuvunyelwe umphakathi ukuthi uhlanganyele ngokuhlanganyela ohlelweni lokuthatha izinqumo nokwenza ngcono intando yeningi.

Inkululeko yewebhu yesikhathi esizayo incike ebuningini besikhathi esizayo

Uhulumeni kudingeka alawule—kokubili nge-inthanethi nangenkani—ikakhulukazi kuwuphawu lokungakwazi ukuhlinzekela ngokwenele izidingo zabantu ezibonakalayo nezingokomzwelo. Lesi sidingo sokulawula siphezulu kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka, njengoba isakhamuzi esizinzile esincishwe izimpahla eziyisisekelo kanye nenkululeko kuyisona esingase siketule izintambo zokuphatha (njengoba sibonile ngesikhathi se-Arab Spring yango-2011).

Yingakho futhi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ikusasa elingenakho ukugadwa okudlulele kuhulumeni iwukusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ukufeza umhlaba onenala. Uma izizwe zesikhathi esizayo zikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuphila kubantu bazo, khona-ke isidingo sazo sokuqapha nokuqapha inani labantu bazo sizokwehla, kanjalo nesidingo sazo sokuphatha iwebhu.

Njengoba siqeda Ikusasa lethu lochungechunge lwe-inthanethi, kubalulekile ukuphinda sigcizelele ukuthi i-Inthanethi ekugcineni iyithuluzi elivumela ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nokwabiwa kwezinsiza. Akulona neze iphilisi eliwumlingo lazo zonke izinkinga zomhlaba. Kodwa ukuze kuzuzwe umhlaba ochichimayo, iwebhu kufanele ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni ngempumelelo lezo zimboni—njengamandla, ezolimo, ezokuthutha, nengqalasizinda—ezolungisa kabusha ikusasa lethu. Inqobo nje uma sisebenzela ukugcina iwebhu imahhala kubo bonke, lelo kusasa lingase lifike ngokushesha kunalokho obukucabanga.