Izicelo zikahulumeni zokufinyelela ku-backdoor: Ingabe izinhlangano zikahulumeni kufanele zibe nokufinyelela kudatha yangasese?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• October 19, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Ohulumeni abaningi baphikisene ngokulawulwa kokubethelwa kwewebhu okugqugquzelwa ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi okwanda njalo. Ngo-2020, uMkhandlu we-European Union wamukela isinqumo ngalesi sihloko. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-US ijoyine i-Canada, i-India, i-Japan, i-UK, i-Australia, ne-New Zealand ukukhuthaza imboni yezobuchwepheshe ukuthi inikeze ukufinyelela kwangemuva ekuphathweni kukazwelonke.

Uhulumeni ucela umongo wokufinyelela ngemuva

Ukubethela kuyinqubo yokuguqula idatha ibe yifomu elingaqondakali ukuze kuvinjwe ukufundeka kwayo ngabantu abangagunyaziwe noma izinhlangano. Lobu buchwepheshe abuvimbeli umuntu ukuthi afinyelele idatha kodwa buyamvimba ukuthi abukele ulwazi ngokwalo. Nakuba idatha ingase isuswe ukubethela ngaphandle kokhiye, ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ulwazi olunzulu lobuchwepheshe. 

I-backdoor iyindlela efihliwe yokudlula ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha noma ukubethela ukuze ufinyelele ulwazi ngaphandle kwemvume. I-backdoor ingakhiwa ohlelweni lwekhompyutha kusetshenziswa isoftware ehlukile noma ihadiwe ekhethekile. I-backdoor eyodwa evamile neyamukelekayo iwumshini womkhiqizi kusofthiwe yakhe noma idivayisi evumela inkampani ukuthi isethe kabusha amaphasiwedi omsebenzisi.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe kanye nezigebengu ze-inthanethi ziba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ohulumeni baye bacindezela abahlinzeki bezobuchwepheshe ukuthi banikeze i-federal agency ukufinyelela ngemuva, bethi okokuvikela izwe. Isibonelo, uhulumeni wase-US wenze isiphakamiso sokuthi kudalwe izingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha ukuze kuvunyelwe abomthetho ukufinyelela amakhompiyutha namaselula amaphekula ahlonziwe nezinye izigebengu. Esinye seziphakamiso sakudala sangemuva sango-1993, lapho I-US National Security Agency iklama i-Clipper Chip ukuze inikeze abomthetho ukufinyelela kwezokuxhumana ezibethelwe. Yize bekuwukutholwa ngokuzithandela, i-chip ayizange isetshenziswe kabanzi ngenxa yokuphulwa okusobala kobumfihlo bedatha.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Yize i-backdoors ingahlukunyezwa ukuqoqa imininingwane kuma-webcam nedatha yomuntu siqu, kunezikhathi lapho iba nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe. Isibonelo, onjiniyela bawasebenzisela ukufaka izibuyekezo eziphephile kumadivayisi namasistimu okusebenza. Ohulumeni bagcizelela ukuthi isethi "yokhiye begolide" kufanele idalwe ukuze kuvunyelwe abomthetho ukufinyelela kumadivayisi omuntu siqu ngokusebenzisa izicabha.

Ngo-2020, uMthetho Wokufinyelela Okusemthethweni Kwedatha Ebethelwe wethulwa abenzi bomthetho baseRiphabhulikhi. Uma kwenziwa, kuzokwenza buthaka ukubethela ezinsizeni zokuxhumana ukuze izikhulu zomthetho zikwazi ukufinyelela kumadivayisi anemvume. Ukwengeza, i-backdoor ingase ishiye abantu abajwayelekile besengozini yokuhlaselwa yizigebengu ze-inthanethi. Uma kubhekwa ukusabalala kobungozi bezinsuku eziyiziro (okungukuthi, izigebengu ze-inthanethi ezixhaphaza ubuthakathaka kumasistimu ngokushesha nje lapho ziqaliswa), abanye ochwepheshe bayangabaza ukuthi i-backdoors yisixazululo esingcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umthethosivivinywa awuzange udlulele esigabeni sesiphakamiso.

Ukukhathazeka okusobala kakhulu ukuthi ukufinyelela kwendlu yangasese kuyawephula yini amalungelo obumfihlo. Ukwengeza, uma isicabha esingemuva sishiywe sivuliwe ukuze sisetshenziswe umthetho, noma ubani omunye angayithola futhi ayisebenzise kabi, okwenza ukubethela kungabi namsebenzi. Ukwengeza, abanye ochwepheshe balingisa umbono womhlaziyi wenqubomgomo omkhulu u-Andi Wilson Thompson e-New America's Open Technology Institute lapho ethi izikweletu zasemuva zingenye nje ukuhlasela kokubethela. 

Imithelela yezicelo zikahulumeni zokufinyelela ngemuva

Imithelela ebanzi yezicelo zikahulumeni zokufinyelela kundlu yangasese ingase ihlanganise: 

• Izizwe zidlula imvume kanye nemithetho yobumfihlo ukuphoqa izinkampani ukuthi zilethe imininingwane eyimfihlo ukuze igadwe ngumphakathi.
• Izingcingo nabahlinzeki besevisi ye-inthanethi bacindezelwa ukuthi benze ngcono izindlela zabo zokuphepha ku-inthanethi ukuze bavikeleke ekuhlaselweni kwezinsuku eziyiziro okubangwa iminyango engemuva.
• Abantu abaningi bansuku zonke baphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphulwa okungenzeka kobumfihlo bedatha yabo, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezingxabano phakathi kwezakhamizi nabameleli bazo. 
• Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezigunyazwe ukuhambisa idatha esusiwe noma ingcuphe yokujeziswa noma inhlawulo.
• Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) aguqule ukugxila kwawo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bokubethela obungadingi i-backdoor, eheha amakhasimende abeka ubumfihlo kuqala.
• Amabhizinisi wamazwe ngamazwe abhekene nezinselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuthobela imithetho, okumele azulazule ngemithetho ehlukene yokubhala ngemfihlo kuwo wonke amazwe, okungenzeka avimbele ukusebenza komhlaba wonke.
• Izikhungo zemfundo ezihlanganisa ukuphepha kwedijithali okuqinile nezifundo zobumfihlo kukharikhulamu yazo, okubonisa ukukhula kwentshisekelo yomphakathi nokugxila kukahulumeni kulezi zinkinga.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Yimiphi eminye imiphumela engaba khona yolwazi oluyimfihlo oluwela ezandleni zezigebengu ze-inthanethi?
• Izinkampani zingayivikela kanjani enye imininingwane yazo ezikhulwini zikahulumeni?