Biotechnology da rawar da yake takawa a rayuwar dabbobi

fasahar binciken halittuHanyar yin amfani da tsarin rayuwa don ƙirƙirar sabbin kwayoyin halitta ko canza waɗanda suke. Wannan tsari yana amfani da tsarin kwayoyin halitta azaman samfuri don ƙirƙirar sabbin samfura ko don gyara samfuran da ke akwai da fasaha. Ana amfani da Biotechnology a fannoni daban-daban kamar su magunguna, aikin noma, da fannonin halittu masu yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin aikace-aikacen da aka fi sani da ilimin halittu shine ƙirƙirar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara ko GMO a takaice.  

A cikin kwayoyin halitta, ana amfani da fasahar halittu don sarrafa DNA na tsirrai da dabbobi don samar da sakamako daban-daban. Wannan yana haifar da sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake sarrafa su, kamar amfanin gona da aka gyara don ya zama mai juriya ga maganin ciyawa da asalin shuka wanda ba haka bane. Hanya ɗaya da kimiyyar halittu ta yi amfani da ita don yin haka ita ce ta hanyar maye gurbin wasu jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA na kwayoyin halitta, ko kuma ta hanyar sanya wasu kwayoyin halitta su bayyana ko sun raunana. Misali, kwayar halitta don yin kututturen shuka na iya zama mai bayyanawa, wanda ya zama mai aiki sosai don haka shukar da aka gyara za ta yi girma da girma.  

Hakanan ana amfani da wannan tsari don samar da kwayoyin halitta masu jure cututtuka daban-daban. Gyaran kwayoyin halitta zai iya canza bayanin kwayoyin halitta don haka kwayoyin halitta suna gina kariya ta dabi'a daga cututtuka kuma suna jure wa cuta. Ko kuma cutar ba za ta iya kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta ba tun da farko. Gyaran Halittu wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin tsire-tsire, amma kuma an fara amfani da shi akan dabbobi. A cewar Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Biotechnology, "Fasahar kere-kere ta zamani yana ba da samfuran ci gaba da fasaha don yaƙar cututtuka masu raɗaɗi da rashin ƙarfi." 

Yiwuwar Sabuwar Rayuwa da Tasirinta akan Noma 

Duk da yake wannan amfani da fasahar kere-kere ba ya haifar da sabon nau'in halitta, haɓakar yawan jama'a na iya haifar da sabon nau'in nau'in nau'in a kan lokaci. Wannan ƙirƙirar wani bambance-bambance na iya ɗaukar tsararraki dangane da irin yanayi da yanayin da jama'a ke fuskanta. 

Nau'in dabbobin da ake ajiyewa a gonaki ana kulawa da su sosai, kuma ana kiyaye su cikin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan ƙa'idar na iya ƙara saurin lokacin da ake ɗauka don sabbin nau'ikan da aka gyara don mamaye yawan jama'a.   

Saboda haka, dabbobin da aka ajiye a gonaki suna da ƙimar mu'amala ta musamman. nau'in na iya yin hulɗa tare da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikansa ne kawai saboda yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai saurin yaduwa (EID) ya fi girma. Cutar da kwayoyin halitta ke gyaggyarawa don tsayayya da ita na iya ɗaukar sauran jama'a, haɓaka damar samun nasarar haifuwa da ƙarin jigilar gyare-gyare. Wannan yana nufin nau'in da aka gyara zai zama juriya ga cutar ta yadda za a samar da samfur mafi inganci.   

Tsarin Kula da Cututtuka a cikin Nau'in Dabbobi 

Biotechnology kanta bai isa koyaushe don sarrafa cututtuka a cikin dabbobi ba. Lokaci-lokaci, wasu tsarin dole su kasance a cikin wuri don taimakawa gyare-gyare. Tsarin kula da cututtuka tare da gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara yawan tasirin yadda jinsunan ke jure wa cututtuka.  

Daban-daban tsarin kula da cututtuka sun haɗa da ayyuka na rigakafi, wannan yawanci shine layin farko na tsaro. Tare da matakan rigakafin, makasudin shine a dakatar da matsalar kafin ta fara kamar magudanar ruwa da ake amfani da su wajen shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. Wani nau'i na tsarin sarrafawa shine arthropod vector iko. Cututtuka da yawa suna haifar da kwari da kwari iri-iri waɗanda ke aiki azaman mai watsa cuta; duk da haka, ana iya canza waɗannan nau'ikan don kada su sake yada cutar.  Nazarin kwanan nan Anyi akan hulɗar namun daji sun nuna cewa "80% na cututtukan dabbobi masu dacewa da ke cikin Amurka ta Amurka suna da yuwuwar sashin namun daji." Don haka sarrafa yadda namun daji ke yada cututtuka na iya rage cututtuka a dabbobin gona. 

Sauran nau'ikan tsarin sarrafawa gama gari sun haɗa da mai masaukin baki da sarrafa yawan jama'a, wanda galibi ana yin shi ta hanyar kashe mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ko kuma ta hanyar raba mutanen da aka gyara. Idan an soke membobin da aka gyara, za su iya samun mafi kyawun damar haihuwa tare da wasu mutanen da aka gyara. A cikin lokaci, wannan zai haifar da sabon nau'in nau'in nau'in cututtuka.  

Alurar riga kafi da kuma maganin ƙwayoyin cuta suma nau'ikan tsarin kulawa ne na gama gari. Yayin da yawancin nau'ikan da ake yi wa alurar riga kafi tare da raguwar nau'in ƙwayar cuta, nau'in yana haɓaka rigakafi. Bugu da kari, idan aka sarrafa kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta, kwayar halittar zata iya jurewa wannan cuta. Ana iya amfani da wannan kulawa tare da mai masaukin baki da kuma kula da yawan jama'a don ƙara haɓaka juriyar jama'a ga wata cuta. 

Duk waɗannan ayyukan ana amfani da su wajen noma da samar da abinci tare da tsarin fasahar kere-kere. Yin amfani da nau'in dabbobi don zama masu jure cututtuka har yanzu sabon kimiyya ne, ma'ana ƙaura na nau'in don zama gaba ɗaya mai jure cututtuka ko rigakafi ba a yi cikakken bincike ko rubuce ba. 

Yayin da muke ƙarin koyo game da ilimin kimiyyar halittu da sarrafa kwayoyin halitta, muna haɓaka ikonmu na noman dabbobi masu koshin lafiya, don samar da abinci mai aminci don samarwa kuma muna rage yaduwar cututtuka.  

Ƙirƙirar Juriya na Cuta tare da Zaɓin Halitta 

Membobin al'ummar da ke nuna ikon iya jurewa cuta na iya zama wanda aka zaɓa don haka ƙarin mambobi na nau'in suma na iya nuna waɗannan halayen. Ana iya amfani da wannan, bi da bi, tare da ƙullawa don kada waɗannan membobin su ci gaba da fallasa ga wasu dalilai kuma suna iya samun zuriya cikin sauƙi. Irin wannan zaɓin kwayoyin halitta ya dogara da juriya kasancewar wani ɓangare na kayan halittar dabbar.  

Idan dabbar ta kamu da kwayar cuta kuma tana gina rigakafi ta hanyar garkuwar jikin ta, akwai yuwuwar cewa wannan juriyar ba za ta wuce ta ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda bazuwar kwayar halitta ta al'ada yayin haihuwa. A ciki Binciken Eenennaam da Pohlmeier, sun bayyana, "Ta hanyar zaɓin kwayoyin halitta, masu samar da dabbobi za su iya zaɓar wasu bambancin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya na cututtuka." 

Ƙirƙirar Juriya na Cuta tare da Gyaran Halittu 

Ana iya yiwa membobin al'umma allura tare da takamaiman jerin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da juriya ga takamaiman cuta. Jerin kwayoyin halitta ko dai ya maye gurbin takamaiman jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin mutum ko kuma ya sanya wani takamaiman jerin ya kunna ko kashe shi. 

wasu gwaje-gwajen da aka yi sun hada da juriya na mastitis a cikin shanu. An yi wa shanun allura tare da kwayar halittar lysostaphin, wanda ke haifar da kunna jerin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana ƙara juriya ga mastitis a cikin saniya. Wannan misali ne na overexpression transgene, ma'ana ana iya ba da shi ga dukan nau'in tun lokacin da tsarin kwayoyin halitta ya danganta kansa zuwa wani ɓangare na DNA wanda yake daidai da nau'in. DNA daga mambobi daban-daban na nau'in nau'in iri ɗaya zasu bambanta dan kadan, don haka yana da muhimmanci a san cewa kwayar halitta ta lysostaphin za ta yi aiki ga dukan nau'in ba kawai memba ɗaya ba.  

Sauran gwaje -gwaje sun haɗa da danne cututtukan cututtuka a cikin nau'i daban-daban. A wannan yanayin, za a yi wa nau'in allurar riga-kafi da jerin ƙwayoyin cuta RNA. Wannan jeri zai shigar da kansa cikin RNA dabbobi. Lokacin da aka rubuta wannan RNA don ƙirƙirar wasu sunadaran, sabon kwayar halittar da aka saka yanzu za a bayyana.  

Tasirin Biotechnology akan Noman Zamani 

Duk da yake aikin sarrafa dabbobi don samun sakamakon da muke so da magance cututtuka ba sabon abu ba ne a gare mu, ilimin da ke tattare da yadda muke yin hakan ya ci gaba sosai. Tare da iliminmu na yadda kwayoyin halitta ke aiki, ikonmu na sarrafa kwayoyin halitta don samar da sababbin sakamako kuma tare da fahimtar cututtuka, za mu iya cimma sababbin matakan noma da samar da abinci. 

Yin amfani da haɗin gwiwar tsarin kula da cututtuka da fasahar halittu don canza nau'in dabbobi a cikin lokaci na iya haifar da sabon salo wanda ke da juriya ko ma kariya daga wata cuta. Yayin da mambobi na yawan jama'a masu jure cututtuka ke haifuwa, zuriyarsu kuma za su sami kwayoyin cutar da ke jure cutar a cikin DNA.  

Dabbobin da ke jure wa cututtuka za su rayu cikin koshin lafiya da rayuwa mai kyau, ba za su buƙaci a yi musu rigakafi ga wasu cututtuka ba, kuma za su samar da ingantattun kayayyaki don amfani. Dangane da nazarin fa'idar tsada, kasancewa mai jure cututtuka yana da fa'ida sosai tunda ƙarancin kuɗi zai shiga cikin kula da dabbobi kuma samfuran daga waɗannan dabbobin za su kasance mafi inganci. Dabbobin da ke fama da cututtuka kuma za su daina yada cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci tsakanin dabbobi da mutane.