Makomar binciken sararin samaniya ja ne

Dan Adam ko da yaushe yana sha'awar sararin samaniya: faffadan da ba a taɓa shi ba kuma, a da, ba za a iya isa ba. Mun taba tunanin ba za mu taba taka kafar wata ba; ya fi karfin mu, kuma tunanin sauka a duniyar Mars ya kasance abin ban dariya.

Tun lokacin da USSR ta fara tuntuɓar wata a 1959 da kuma NASA ta Apollo 8 a 1968, sha'awar ɗan adam don kasada ta sararin samaniya ya karu. Mun aika da fasaha mai nisa cikin tsarin hasken rana, mun sauka akan taurari da zarar ba a iya isa gare su, kuma mun ga abubuwan da ke tsakanin taurari biliyoyin haske nesa.

Don yin wannan dole ne mu matsawa fasaharmu da fasaha ta jiki zuwa iyaka; muna buƙatar sabbin ƙirƙira da sabbin tsare-tsare don ci gaba da ɗorawa ɗan adam a kan gaba, don ci gaba da bincike, da kuma ci gaba da faɗaɗa iliminmu na sararin samaniya. Abin da muke ɗauka a matsayin gaba yana ci gaba da kusantar zama na yanzu.

MANUFOFI MAI ZUWA

A cikin Afrilu 2013, ƙungiyar Mars One ta Netherlands ta nemi masu neman izini waɗanda za su fara aiki mai haɗari: tafiya ta hanya ɗaya zuwa Red Planet. Tare da masu aikin sa kai sama da 200,000, ba lallai ba ne a ce sun sami isassun mahalarta balaguron.

Balaguron zai bar Duniya a cikin 2018 kuma ya isa duniyar Mars a kusa da kwanaki 500 daga baya; Makasudin wannan manufa ita ce kafa mulkin mallaka a shekarar 2025. Wasu daga cikin abokan aikin Mars Ones sune Lockheed Martin, Surry Satellite Technology Ltd., SpaceX, da sauransu. An ba su kwangila don kera jirgin saman Mars, tauraron dan adam na bayanai, da kuma samar da hanyar isa wurin da kafa mulkin mallaka.

Za a buƙaci rokoki da yawa don ɗaukar kayan aikin zuwa sararin samaniya sannan zuwa duniyar Mars; waɗannan kayan aikin sun haɗa da tauraron dan adam, rovers, kaya da, ba shakka, mutane. Shirin shine a yi amfani da rokar Falcon Heavy na SpaceXs don aikin.

Motar wucewar Mars za ta ƙunshi matakai biyu, tsarin saukowa, da wurin zama. Capsule na saukowa don la'akari da manufa shine bambance-bambancen capsule na Dragon, sake ƙirar SpaceX. Mai filin jirgin zai ɗauki raka'o'in tallafin rayuwa don samar da makamashi, ruwa, da iska mai numfashi ga mazauna. Haka kuma za ta samar da kayan abinci da na’urorin sarrafa hasken rana, kayayyakin gyara, da sauran abubuwa daban-daban, dakunan da za a iya busawa, da mutane.

Akwai rovers guda biyu da za a aika a gaban ma'aikatan jirgin. Daya zai bincika sararin Marrian don neman wurin da za a daidaita, jigilar manyan kayan aiki, da kuma taimakawa a babban taro. Rover na biyu zai ɗauki tirela don jigilar capsule mai saukarwa. Don yaƙar matsanancin zafin jiki, sirara, yanayin da ba za a iya numfashi ba, da hasken rana a saman ƙasa, mazauna za su yi amfani da sut ɗin Mars lokacin tafiya a saman.

Hukumar ta NASA kuma tana da wani shiri na taka kafar ta Red Planet, amma an shirya aikinsu a kusan shekara ta 2030. Suna shirin tura wasu mutane sittin na mutane da ke wakiltar hukumomin gwamnati sama da 30, masana'antu, cibiyoyin ilimi, da sauran kungiyoyi.

Yiwuwar wannan manufa tana buƙatar tallafin masana'antu na duniya da masu zaman kansu. Chris Carberry, Babban Darakta na Mars Society, ya fada Space.com: "Don samun damar sanya shi mai yiwuwa kuma mai araha, kuna buƙatar kasafin kuɗi mai dorewa. Kuna buƙatar kasafin kuɗin da ya dace, wanda za ku iya hasashen daga shekara zuwa shekara wanda kuma ba a soke shi ba a gwamnati mai zuwa".

Fasahar da suke shirin amfani da ita don wannan manufa ta haɗa da Tsarin Kaddamar da Sararin Samaniya (SLS) da kuma capsule ɗin ma'aikatan jirginsu na Orion. A Taron Taron Mars a watan Disamba na 2013, NASA, Boeing, Orbital Sciences Corp., da sauransu sun kulla yarjejeniya game da abin da ya kamata manufa ta cim ma da kuma yadda za su ci gaba da yin hakan.

Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun hada da cewa binciken dan Adam na duniyar Mars yana iya yiwuwa ta hanyar fasaha nan da shekarar 2030, cewa Mars ya kamata ya zama babban abin da zai fi mayar da hankali kan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na dan Adam na tsawon shekaru ashirin zuwa talatin masu zuwa, kuma sun tabbatar da cewa amfani da tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa (ISS) gami da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa. masu mahimmanci ga waɗannan ayyuka masu zurfi na sararin samaniya.

NASA har yanzu ta yi imanin cewa suna buƙatar ƙarin bayani kafin su tashi zuwa Red Planet; don shirya don wannan za su aika rovers kan ayyukan farko a cikin 2020s kafin aika mutane zuwa duniya. Masana ba su da tabbacin tsawon aikin kuma za su yanke shawarar cewa yayin da muke kusantar ranar ƙaddamar da 2030s.

Mars One da NASA ba su ne ƙungiyoyin da ke da ido a duniyar Mars ba. Wasu za su so zuwa duniyar Mars, kamar Inspiration Mars, Elon Musk, da Mars Direct.

Inspiration Mars yana son kaddamar da mutane biyu, zai fi dacewa ma'aurata. Ma'auratan za su yi tafiya a sararin samaniyar Mars wani lokaci a cikin Janairu 2018, inda suke shirin kusantar kilomita 160 a cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekarar.

Wanda ya kafa SpaceX, Elon Musk, ya yi mafarkin juya dan Adam zuwa nau'in halittu masu yawa. Yana shirin zuwa duniyar Mars ta wata roka da za a sake amfani da ita wacce ke da karfin iskar oxygen da methane. Shirin zai fara ne da sanya mutane kusan goma a doron kasa wanda a karshe zai zama matsuguni na dogaro da kai mai dauke da mutane kusan 80,000. A cewar Musk, rokar da za a sake amfani da ita ita ce mabuɗin dukan aikin.

Mars Direct, wanda shugaban Mars Society Robert Zubrin ya fara kafa a cikin 1990s ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar tsarin "rayuwa daga ƙasa" don rage farashin. Yana shirin yin haka ta hanyar samar da iskar oxygen da man fetur ta hanyar fitar da kayan mai daga sararin sama, ta yin amfani da ƙasa don samun ruwa, da albarkatun don gine-gine: duk wannan yana gudana daga makamashin nukiliya. Zubrin ya bayyana cewa sulhun zai zama mai dogaro da kai kan lokaci.

NASA'S FLYING SAUCER

A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2014 NASA ta ƙaddamar da sabon aikin su na Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) akan jirgin gwaji na farko. An tsara wannan sana'a don yuwuwar manufa zuwa duniyar Mars nan gaba. An gwada shi a sararin sama na duniya don gwada yadda wannan sana'a da kuma tsarin sa na LDSD zai yi aiki a cikin yanayin Martian.

Sana'ar mai siffa ta saucer tana da nau'i-nau'i biyu na masu yin amfani da su guda biyu waɗanda ke jujjuya ta, da kuma roka mai ƙarfi guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin tsakiyar aikin don motsa shi. tsayin ƙafafu 120,000.

Lokacin da sana'ar ta kai daidai tsayin daka, masu matsawa sun kunna don juya ta, suna ƙara kwanciyar hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, rokar da ke karkashin wannan sana'a ta kara saurin motar. Lokacin da aka kai daidai hanzari da tsayi-Mach 4 da ƙafa 180,000-roka ɗin ya yanke kuma saitin na biyu na masu tuƙi ya nuna a wata hanya dabam da aka kunna don kawar da aikin.

A wannan lokacin an tura tsarin SIAD, zoben da za a iya zazzagewa a kusa da wannan sana'a ya faɗaɗa, yana kawo diamita na fasaha daga ƙafa 20 zuwa 26 kuma ya rage shi zuwa Mach 2.5 (Kramer, 2014). A cewar injiniyoyin NASA tsarin SIAD an tura shi kamar yadda ake tsammani tare da ɗan damuwa ga aikin. Mataki na gaba shi ne aika da parachute supersonic wanda ake amfani da shi don rage saurin jirgin zuwa kasa.

Don yin wannan a balluta An yi amfani da parachute don tura parachute a gudun ƙafa 200 a cikin daƙiƙa XNUMX. Bayan haka an yanke ballute ɗin kyauta kuma an fitar da parachute daga cikin kwandon da aka adana. Parachute ya fara yayyagewa da zarar an sake shi; ƙananan yanayi ya tabbatar da yawa ga parachute kuma ya raba shi.

Babban mai bincike na LDSD, Ian Clark ya ce “[sun] sami fahimi sosai game da mahimman ilimin lissafi na hauhawar farashin parachute. A zahiri muna sake rubuta littattafan kan ayyukan parachute masu sauri, kuma muna yin shi shekara guda kafin lokacin da aka tsara” yayin wani taron manema labarai.

Ko da rashin nasarar parachute, injiniyoyin da ke bayansa har yanzu suna ganin gwajin ya yi nasara domin ya ba su damar ganin yadda parachute zai yi aiki a irin wannan yanayi kuma zai fi shirya su don gwaje-gwajen nan gaba.

MARS ROVER DA LASER

Tare da ci gaba da nasarar su Curiosity Mars rover, NASA ta yi shiri na biyu. Wannan rover zai kasance mafi yawa daga ƙirar Curiosity amma babban abin da sabon rover ya fi mayar da hankali shine radar shigar ƙasa da lasers.

Sabuwar rover za ta yi kama da aiki kamar Curiosity; zai kasance yana da ƙafafu 6, nauyin ton ɗaya, kuma zai sauka tare da taimakon kurayen sama mai ƙarfin roka. Babban bambanci tsakanin su biyun shine sabon rover zai sami kayan kida guda bakwai zuwa na Curiosity goma.

Mast na sabon rover zai sami MastCam-Z, kyamarar stereoscopic wacce ke da ikon zuƙowa, da SuperCam: wani ci gaba na Curiosity's ChemCam. Za ta harba laser don tantance sinadaran duwatsu daga nesa.

Hannun rover ɗin zai sami Kayan aikin Duniya don X-Ray Lithochemistry (PIXL); wannan spectrometer ne mai kyalli na x-ray wanda ke da babban hoton hoto. Wannan yana bawa masana kimiyya damar yin cikakken bincike akan kayan dutse.

Kazalika PIXL, sabon rover zai sami abin da ake kira Scanning Habitable Environments tare da Raman da Luminescence don Organics da Chemicals (SHERLOC). Wannan spectrophotometer ne don cikakken nazarin duwatsu da yuwuwar gano kwayoyin halitta.

Jikin rover din zai kasance yana dauke da Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA), wanda babban tashar yanayi ne na fasaha da kuma Radar Imagers for Mars' Subsurface Exploration (RIMFAX), wanda ke kasa radar.

A Mars Oxygen ISRU-a cikin yanayin amfani da albarkatu-Gwaji (MOXIE) zai gwada idan ana iya yin iskar oxygen daga iskar iskar iskar gas ta Mars. Kayan aiki na ƙarshe shine rawar da za a yi amfani da shi don tattara samfurori; samfuran za a adana su a kan rover ko a ƙasa a ƙayyadadden wuri.

Za a yi amfani da sabon rover a cikin manufa zuwa duniyar Mars a cikin 2020s tare da manufar gano duwatsu waɗanda za su iya samun mafi kyawun damar samun shaidar rayuwar da ta gabata a duniyar Mars. Rover din zai bi hanyar da Curiosity ya bi lokacin da ya sauka a duniyar Mars don duba wani rukunin yanar gizo wanda Ciki ya kafa zai iya tallafawa rayuwa.

Sabuwar rover na iya nemo sa hannu kan bio, samfuran cache tare da yuwuwar dawowa duniya, kuma ya ci gaba da burin NASA sanya mutane a duniyar Mars. Idan rover ba zai iya dawowa duniya da kansa ba to zai yiwu 'yan sama jannati su nemi samfurin daga baya; lokacin da aka hatimce samfurori na iya ɗaukar har zuwa shekaru ashirin daga tarin.