Tsogolo la kufufuza mlengalenga ndi lofiira

Anthu akhala akuchita chidwi ndi danga nthawi zonse: malo aakulu omwe sanakhudzidwepo ndipo, m'mbuyomu, osafikirika. Poyamba tinkaganiza kuti sitidzaponda pamwezi; Zinali zosavuta kuzimvetsa, ndipo lingaliro loti tifike pa Mars linali lodabwitsa.

Chiyambire kukhudzana koyamba kwa USSR ndi Mwezi mu 1959 ndi ntchito ya NASA ya Apollo 8 mu 1968, chikhumbo cha anthu chofuna kuyenda mumlengalenga chakula. Tatumiza zombo zapanyanja kutali kwambiri ndi mapulaneti athu ozungulira mapulaneti, zinatera pa mapulaneti omwe kale anali osafikirika, ndipo taona zinthu zapakati pa nyenyezi zomwe zili kutali ndi zaka mabiliyoni a kuwala.

Kuti tichite izi tidayenera kukankhira luso lathu laukadaulo ndi thupi mpaka malire; tinafunikira zopanga zatsopano ndi njira zatsopano zotetezera anthu kukhala patsogolo, kupitiriza kufufuza, ndi kukulitsa chidziŵitso chathu cha chilengedwe chonse. Zimene timaona kuti n’zam’tsogolo zikuyandikira kwambiri kukhala panopa.

UTUMWU WAKUTSATIRA

Mu April 2013, bungwe lochokera ku Netherlands la Mars One linasaka anthu odzipereka omwe angayambe ntchito yoopsa: ulendo wopita ku Red Planet. Ndi anthu odzipereka opitilira 200,000, sizofunikira kunena kuti adapeza otenga nawo mbali okwanira paulendowu.

Ulendowu udzachoka pa Dziko Lapansi mu 2018 ndikufika ku Mars pafupifupi masiku 500 pambuyo pake; Cholinga cha ntchitoyi ndikukhazikitsa koloni pofika chaka cha 2025. Ena mwa abwenzi a Mars Ones ndi Lockheed Martin, Surry Satellite Technology Ltd., SpaceX, komanso ena. Iwo anapatsidwa makontrakitala kuti apange Mars lander, data link satellite, ndi kupereka njira zofikira kumeneko ndi kukhazikitsa koloni.

Maroketi angapo adzafunika kuti atengere zolipirira ku orbit kenako kupita ku Mars; zolipirazi zimaphatikizapo ma satelayiti, ma rover, katundu komanso anthu. Dongosololi ndikugwiritsa ntchito roketi ya SpaceXs 'Falcon Heavy pa ntchitoyo.

Galimoto yopita ku Mars idzakhala ndi magawo awiri, gawo lofikira, ndi malo okhala. Kapisozi wotsikira poganizira za ntchitoyi ndi mtundu wa kapisozi wa Dragon, komanso kapangidwe ka SpaceX. Wotera adzanyamula zida zothandizira moyo kuti apange mphamvu, madzi, ndi mpweya wopuma kwa anthu okhalamo. Ikhalanso ndi magawo operekera chakudya, mapanelo adzuwa, zida zosinthira, zida zina zosiyanasiyana, malo okhala ndi inflatable, ndi anthu.

Pali ma rover awiri omwe adzatumizidwe patsogolo pa ogwira ntchito. Mmodzi adzafufuza malo a Martian kuti afufuze malo oti akhazikike, kunyamula zida zazikulu, ndikuthandizira pamsonkhano waukulu. Rover yachiwiri idzanyamula kalavani yonyamulira kapisozi wakutera. Pofuna kuthana ndi kutentha kwakukulu, mpweya wochepa kwambiri, wosapuma mpweya, ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa pamtunda, othawa kwawo adzagwiritsa ntchito masuti a Mars poyenda pamtunda.

NASA imakhalanso ndi ndondomeko yoyika phazi pa Red Planet, koma ntchito yawo ikukonzekera kuzungulira 2030. Akukonzekera kutumiza gulu la anthu makumi asanu ndi limodzi a anthu omwe akuimira mabungwe a boma a 30, mafakitale, mabungwe a maphunziro, ndi mabungwe ena.

Kuthekera kwa ntchitoyi kumafuna thandizo lamakampani apadziko lonse lapansi komanso apadera. Chris Carberry, Executive Director wa Mars Society, adauza Space.com: “Kuti muthe kuzipanga kukhala zotheka komanso zotsika mtengo, muyenera kukhala ndi bajeti yokhazikika. Mufunika bajeti yokhazikika, yomwe mungathe kuneneratu chaka ndi chaka komanso yomwe siyidzathetsedwa muulamuliro wotsatira”.

Ukadaulo womwe akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito pa ntchitoyi ukuphatikiza Space Launch System (SLS) ndi kapulesi yawo ya Orion deep space crew. Ku Mars Workshop mu Disembala 2013, NASA, Boeing, Orbital Sciences Corp., ndi ena adagwirizana pazomwe ntchitoyo iyenera kukwaniritsa komanso momwe angachitire.

Mapanganowa akuphatikizanso kuti kufufuza kwa anthu ku Mars ndikotheka mwaukadaulo pofika chaka cha 2030, kuti dziko la Mars likhale loyang'ana kwambiri pakuwulukira kwa anthu kwazaka makumi awiri kapena makumi atatu zikubwerazi, ndipo adatsimikiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito International Space Station (ISS) kuphatikiza mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Zofunikira pazantchito zakuya zakuthambo izi.

NASA ikukhulupirirabe kuti amafunikira zambiri asanapite ku Red Planet; kuti akonzekere izi atumiza ma rovers pama 2020s asanatumize anthu padziko lapansi. Akatswiri sakudziwa kutalika kwa ntchitoyo ndipo adzasankha kuti pamene tikuyandikira tsiku loyambitsa 2030s.

Mars One ndi NASA si mabungwe okhawo omwe ali ndi diso ku Mars. Ena angafune kupita ku Mars, monga Inspiration Mars, Elon Musk, ndi Mars Direct.

Inspiration Mars ikufuna kuyambitsa anthu awiri, makamaka okwatirana. Awiriwa adzakwera ndege ya Mars nthawi ina mu Januware 2018, komwe akukonzekera kuyandikira pafupi makilomita 160 mu Ogasiti chaka chomwecho.

Woyambitsa SpaceX, Elon Musk, akulota kusintha anthu kukhala mitundu yambiri ya mapulaneti. Akukonzekera kupita ku Mars kudzera pa rocket yogwiritsidwanso ntchito yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi ndi methane. Dongosololi ndikuyamba ndikuyika anthu pafupifupi khumi padziko lapansi omwe pamapeto pake adzakula kukhala malo okhazikika okhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 80,000. Malinga ndi Musk, roketi yosinthikanso ndiye chinsinsi cha ntchito yonse.

Mars Direct, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa koyamba mzaka za m'ma 1990 ndi mutu wa Mars Society Robert Zubrin ikunena kuti njira ya "moyo wapamtunda" ikufunika kuti ndalama zichepetse. Akukonzekera kuchita izi popanga mpweya ndi mafuta potulutsa zinthu zamafuta kuchokera mumlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka kupeza madzi, ndi zopangira zomangira: zonsezi zikutha chifukwa cha zida zanyukiliya. Zubrin akuti kukhazikikako kudzakhala kokwanira pakapita nthawi.

ZOPHUNZITSA ZA NASA

Pa Juni 29, 2014 NASA idakhazikitsa luso lawo latsopano la Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) paulendo wawo woyamba woyeserera. Chombochi chapangidwa kuti chiziyenda ku Mars posachedwa. Idayesedwa kumtunda kwa Earth kuyesa momwe lusoli ndi makina ake a Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (SIAD) ndi LDSD angagwire ntchito m'malo a Martian.

Chombocho chili ndi mapeyala awiri a ma thrusters ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi omwe amachizungulira, komanso roketi imodzi yolimba pansi pakatikati mwa chombocho kuti iyendetse. kutalika kwa 120,000 mapazi.

Chombocho chitafika pamalo okwera bwino, zolipiritsa zimachizunguza, zomwe zimawonjezera kukhazikika kwake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, roketi yomwe ili pansi pa sitimayo inathamangitsira galimotoyo. Atafika pa liwiro lolondola ndi kutalika kwake—Mach 4 ndi 180,000 mapazi—roketiyo inadulidwa ndipo gulu lina lachiŵiri lolozetsa mbali ina linayatsa kuti litembenuze chombocho.

Panthawiyi dongosolo la SIAD lidayikidwa, mphete yowongoka kuzungulira chombocho idakulitsidwa, kubweretsa m'mimba mwake kuchokera ku 20 mpaka 26 mapazi ndikuyitsitsa mpaka Mach 2.5 (Kramer, 2014). Malinga ndi akatswiri a NASA, makina a SIAD adayikidwa momwe amayembekezeredwa popanda kusokoneza pang'ono pantchitoyo. Chotsatira chinali kuyika parachuti yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa sitimayo kuti ifike pamtunda.

Kuchita izi a balute anagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa parachuti pa liwiro la mapazi 200 pa sekondi imodzi. Parachutiyo inayamba kung'ambika itangotulutsidwa; Kutsika kwamlengalenga kunatsimikizira kuti parachutiyo inali yovuta kwambiri ndipo inang'amba.

Wofufuza Wamkulu wa LDSD, Ian Clark ananena kuti “[iwo] anazindikira kwambiri za kukwera kwa mitengo ya parachute. Tikulembanso mabuku okhudza mmene maparachuti amayendera mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo tikuchita zimenezi pakatha chaka chimodzi pasanapite nthawi” pamsonkhano wa atolankhani.

Ngakhale kuti parachuti yalephereka, mainjiniya amene ankayendetsa galimotoyo amaonabe kuti mayesowo ndi opambana chifukwa anawapatsa mpata woona mmene parachuti imagwirira ntchito m’malo oterowo ndiponso kuti iwakonzekeretse kuti adzayesedwe m’tsogolo.

MARS ROVER NDI LASERS

Ndikuchita bwino kwa Curiosity Mars rover yawo, NASA yakonza zachiwiri. Rover iyi ikhala yochokera pamapangidwe a Curiosity koma cholinga chachikulu cha rover yatsopano ndi radar yolowera pansi ndi ma laser.

Rover yatsopano idzawoneka ndikugwira ntchito mofanana ndi Chidwi; idzakhala ndi mawilo 6, kulemera tani imodzi, ndipo idzatera mothandizidwa ndi rocket powered sky crane. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa awiriwa ndikuti rover yatsopanoyo idzakhala ndi zida zisanu ndi ziwiri za Curiosity khumi.

Mast ya rover yatsopanoyo idzakhala ndi MastCam-Z, kamera ya stereoscopic yomwe imatha kuwonera, ndi SuperCam: mtundu wapamwamba wa Curiosity's ChemCam. Idzawombera ma lasers kuti idziwe momwe miyala imapangidwira patali.

Dzanja la rover lidzakhala ndi Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry (PIXL); ichi ndi x-ray fluorescence spectrometer yomwe ili ndi chithunzithunzi chapamwamba. Zimenezi zimathandiza asayansi kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane pa miyala.

Komanso PIXL, rover yatsopanoyo idzakhala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Scanning Habitable Environments ndi Raman ndi Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC). Iyi ndi spectrophotometer yowunikira mwatsatanetsatane miyala ndi zinthu zomwe zingadziwike.

Thupi la rover lidzakhala ndi Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA), yomwe ndi malo apamwamba kwambiri a nyengo komanso Radar Imagers for Mars' Subsurface Exploration (RIMFAX), yomwe ili pansi pa radar.

Mars Oxygen ISRU-in situ resource utilization-Experiment (MOXIE) idzayesa ngati mpweya ungapangidwe kuchokera ku carbon dioxide yochuluka ya Martian atmosphere. Chida chomaliza ndi kubowola kokhota komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo; zitsanzozo zikanasungidwa pa rover kapena pansi pamalo otchulidwa.

Rover yatsopanoyi idzagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Mars m'zaka za m'ma 2020 ndi cholinga chodziwitsa miyala yomwe ingakhale ndi mwayi wabwino wopeza umboni wa moyo wakale pa Mars. Roveryo idzatsata njira yomwe Curiosity idatenga itatera pa Mars kuti ione malo omwe Curiosity adakhazikitsa mwina athandizira moyo.

Rover yatsopano imatha kusaka ma signature a bio, zitsanzo za cache ndi kuthekera kobwerera ku Earth, ndikupititsa patsogolo cholinga cha NASA kuyika anthu ku Mars. Ngati rover silingathe kubwereranso kudziko lapansi palokha ndiye kuti zitha kukhala zotheka kuti astronaut atenge zitsanzo pambuyo pake; pamene asindikizidwa zitsanzo akhoza kukhala zaka makumi awiri kuchokera ku kusonkhanitsidwa.