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Kutha kwa kuvulala kosatha kwakuthupi ndi kulumala: Tsogolo la Thanzi P4

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
LinkedIn

Lachiwiri, 09/15/2020 - 05:38

Kuti athetse kuvulala kosatha, kwakuthupi, gulu lathu liyenera kupanga chisankho: Kodi timasewera Mulungu ndi biology yathu yaumunthu kapena timakhala makina amodzi?

Mpaka pano mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Zaumoyo, tayang'ana kwambiri za tsogolo lazamankhwala ndi kuchiritsa matenda. Ndipo ngakhale kuti matenda ndiye chifukwa chofala kwambiri chomwe timagwiritsa ntchito njira zachipatala, zifukwa zocheperako nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowopsa kwambiri.

Kaya munabadwa ndi chilema kapena kuvulala komwe kumakulepheretsani kuyenda kwakanthawi kapena kosatha, njira zachipatala zomwe zilipo kuti zikuthandizeni nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa. Sitinakhale ndi zida zokonzetsera zowonongeka zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha chibadwa cholakwika kapena kuvulala koopsa.

Koma pofika pakati pa 2020s, momwe zinthu zilili izi zidzasinthidwa pamutu pake. Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa kusintha kwa ma genome komwe kwafotokozedwa m'mutu wapitawu, komanso kupita patsogolo kwa makompyuta ang'onoang'ono ndi ma robotiki, nthawi yomwe matenda osatha atha kutha.

Munthu ngati makina

Ponena za kuvulala kwakuthupi komwe kumaphatikizapo kutayika kwa chiwalo, anthu amakhala ndi chitonthozo chodabwitsa pogwiritsa ntchito makina ndi zida kuti ayambenso kuyenda. Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu, cha prosthetics, chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, zomwe zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri m'mabuku akale achi Greek ndi Aroma. Mu 2000, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza zaka 3,000 zakubadwa. zotsalira mummified ya mkazi wina wolemekezeka wa ku Iguputo amene ankavala chala chamatabwa ndi chachikopa.

Popeza mbiri yakale iyi yogwiritsira ntchito nzeru zathu kuti tibwezeretse kayendedwe ka thupi ndi thanzi labwino, siziyenera kudabwitsidwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji yamakono kubwezeretsa kuyenda kwathunthu ndikulandiridwa popanda kutsutsa pang'ono.

Smart prosthetics

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pomwe gawo la ma prosthetics ndi lakale, lachedwanso kusinthika. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi zawona kusintha kwa chitonthozo chawo ndi maonekedwe awo ngati amoyo, koma ndi zaka khumi ndi theka zapitazi pamene kupita patsogolo kwenikweni kwachitika m'munda mokhudzana ndi mtengo, machitidwe, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mwachitsanzo, komwe kungawononge ndalama zokwana $100,000 popanga zodzikongoletsera, anthu tsopano akhoza gwiritsani ntchito osindikiza a 3D kuti mupange ma prosthetics okhazikika (nthawi zina) zosakwana $1,000.

Pakadali pano, kwa omwe amavala miyendo yolumikizira omwe amavutika kuyenda kapena kukwera masitepe mwachibadwa, makampani atsopano akugwiritsa ntchito gawo la biomimicry kuti apange ma prosthetics omwe amapereka mwayi woyenda komanso kuthamanga kwachilengedwe, komanso kudula njira yophunzirira yofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira izi.

Nkhani ina yokhudzana ndi miyendo ya prosthetic ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amawawawa kuvala kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale atapangidwa mwachizolowezi. Zili choncho chifukwa ma prosthetics okhala ndi kulemera amakakamiza khungu la munthu wodulidwayo kuti aphwanyidwe pakati pa fupa lake ndi fupa lake. Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi nkhaniyi ndikuyika mtundu wa cholumikizira chapadziko lonse lapansi mwachindunji mu fupa la odulidwa (lofanana ndi ma implant a ocular ndi mano). Mwanjira imeneyi, miyendo ya prosthetic imatha “kukokoloka m’fupa” mwachindunji. Izi zimachotsa khungu pakuwawa kwa thupi komanso zimapangitsa kuti wodulidwayo agule mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma prosthetics omwe safunikiranso kupangidwa mochuluka.

Koma chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, makamaka kwa anthu odulidwa chiŵalo ndi manja kapena manja opindika, ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito njira yaukadaulo yomwe ikukula mwachangu yotchedwa Brain-Computer Interface (BCI).

Kusuntha kwa bionic koyendetsedwa ndi ubongo

Choyamba tinakambirana m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo Lamakompyuta mndandanda, BCI imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito implant kapena chipangizo choyang'ana ubongo kuti muyang'ane mafunde a ubongo wanu ndi kuwagwirizanitsa ndi malamulo olamulira chirichonse chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi kompyuta.

M'malo mwake, mwina simunazindikire, koma zoyambira za BCI zayamba kale. Anthu odulidwa ziwalo tsopano kuyesa miyendo ya robotic kulamuliridwa mwachindunji ndi maganizo, m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito masensa amene amamangiriridwa ku chitsa cha mwini wake. Momwemonso, anthu olumala kwambiri (monga quadriplegics) ali pano kugwiritsa ntchito BCI kuyendetsa njinga zawo za olumala ndikuwongolera zida za robotic. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2020, BCI idzakhala mulingo wothandiza anthu olumala komanso olumala kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Ndipo pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2030, BCI idzakhala yopita patsogolo mokwanira kulola anthu omwe ali ndi zovulala za msana kuti ayambe kuyendanso mwa kutumiza malamulo awo oyendayenda kumutu wawo wapansi kuyika kwa msana.

Zachidziwikire, kupanga ma prosthetics anzeru sizomwe ma implants amtsogolo angagwiritsire ntchito.

Ma implants anzeru

Ma implants tsopano akuyesedwa kuti alowe m'malo mwa ziwalo zonse, ndi cholinga chanthawi yayitali chochotsa nthawi zodikirira zomwe odwala amakumana nazo podikirira kuti aperekedwe. Zina mwa zida zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri zosinthira ziwalo ndi mtima wa bionic. Mapangidwe angapo alowa pamsika, koma pakati pa omwe amalonjeza kwambiri ndi chipangizo chomwe chimapopa magazi kuzungulira thupi popanda kugunda … amapereka tanthauzo latsopano kwa akufa oyenda.

Palinso kalasi yatsopano ya implants yopangidwa kuti ipititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito amunthu, m'malo mongobwezera munthu ku thanzi labwino. Mitundu ya ma implants awa tidzayiphimba m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo la Chisinthiko cha Anthu zino.

Koma zokhudzana ndi thanzi, implants yomaliza yomwe titchule apa ndi m'badwo wotsatira, implants zowongolera zaumoyo. Ganizirani izi ngati ma pacemaker omwe amayang'anira thupi lanu mwachangu, kugawana ma biometric anu ndi pulogalamu yathanzi pafoni yanu, ndipo akazindikira kuyambika kwa matenda amatulutsa mankhwala kapena mafunde amagetsi kuti thupi lanu likhalenso bwino.

Ngakhale izi zitha kumveka ngati Sci-Fi, DARPA (gulu lankhondo lapamwamba lankhondo la US) likugwira ntchito kale pantchito yotchedwa ElectRx, chidule cha Malamulo a Magetsi. Kutengera zamoyo zomwe zimadziwika kuti neuromodulation, kuyika kakang'ono kameneka kamayang'anira dongosolo lamanjenje lathupi (mitsempha yomwe imalumikiza thupi ndi ubongo ndi msana), ndipo ikazindikira kusalinganika komwe kungayambitse matenda, imamasula magetsi. zilakolako zomwe zidzakhazikitsenso dongosolo lamanjenje ili komanso kulimbikitsa thupi kuti lidzichiritse lokha.

Nanotechnology kusambira m'magazi anu

Nanotechnology ndi mutu waukulu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Pakatikati pake, ndi mawu otakata amtundu uliwonse wa sayansi, uinjiniya, ndiukadaulo womwe umayesa, kuwongolera kapena kuphatikiza zida pamlingo wa 1 ndi 100 nanometers. Chithunzi chili m'munsichi chidzakupatsani chidziwitso cha kukula kwa nanotech mkati.

Pankhani ya zaumoyo, nanotech ikufufuzidwa ngati chida chomwe chingasinthire chithandizo chamankhwala pochotsa mankhwala ndi maopaleshoni ambiri kumapeto kwa 2030s.

Mwanjira ina, lingalirani kuti mungatenge zida zabwino kwambiri zachipatala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kuchiza matenda kapena kuchita opaleshoni ndikuchiyika mumchere wa saline — mlingo womwe ungathe kusungidwa mu syringe, kutumizidwa kulikonse, ndi kubayidwa mwa aliyense wofunikira. wa chithandizo chamankhwala. Ngati zikuyenda bwino, zitha kupangitsa kuti zonse zomwe takambirana m'mitu iwiri yomaliza ya mndandanda uno ziwonongeke.

Ido Bachelet, wofufuza wamkulu pa opaleshoni ya nanorobotics, masomphenya tsiku limene opaleshoni yaing'ono imaphatikizapo dokotala kubaya jekeseni wodzaza ndi mabiliyoni a nanobots omwe adakonzedweratu m'dera lanu la thupi lanu.

Ma nanobots amenewo amatha kufalikira mthupi lanu ndikufufuza minofu yowonongeka. Akapezeka, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma enzymes kuti adule ma cell owonongeka kuchokera ku minofu yathanzi. Maselo athanzi a thupi ndiye amalimbikitsidwa kuti onse ataya maselo owonongekawo ndikukonzanso minofu yozungulira pabowo yomwe idapangidwa kuchokera kuchotsedwa kwa minofu yowonongekayo. Ma nanobots amatha kulunjika ndi kupondereza ma cell amitsempha ozungulira kuti achepetse ululu ndikuchepetsa kutupa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, ma nanobots angagwiritsidwenso ntchito polimbana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa, komanso mavairasi osiyanasiyana ndi mabakiteriya achilendo omwe amatha kupatsira thupi lanu. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ma nanobots akadali zaka zosachepera 15 kuti anthu ambiri atengere kuchipatala, ntchito yaukadauloyi ikuchitika kale. Infographic ili m'munsiyi ikufotokoza momwe nanotech ingapangirenso matupi athu tsiku lina (kudzera ActivistPost.com):

Mankhwala obwezeretsa

Pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ambulera, regenerative mankhwala, nthambi yofufuza iyi imagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina opangira minofu ndi biology ya mamolekyulu kuti abwezeretse magwiridwe antchito a minofu ndi ziwalo zodwala kapena zowonongeka. Kwenikweni, mankhwala obwezeretsa amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito maselo a thupi lanu kuti adzikonzere okha, m'malo mosintha kapena kuwonjezera ma cell a thupi lanu ndi ma prosthetics ndi makina.

Mwanjira ina, njira yochiritsira iyi ndiyachilengedwe kwambiri kuposa njira za Robocop zomwe tafotokozazi. Koma chifukwa cha zionetsero zonse ndi nkhawa zomwe taziwonapo zaka makumi awiri zapitazi pa zakudya za GMO, kafukufuku wa maselo a stem, komanso posachedwapa kupangidwa kwaumunthu ndi kusintha kwa ma genome, ndizomveka kunena kuti mankhwala ochiritsira adzakumana ndi chitsutso chachikulu.

Ngakhale kuti n'zosavuta kutsutsa zodetsa nkhawazi, zoona zake n'zakuti anthu ali ndi chidziwitso chambiri komanso mwachilengedwe chaukadaulo kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndi biology. Kumbukirani, ma prosthetics akhalapo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri; Kutha kuwerenga ndi kusintha ma genome kwakhala kotheka kuyambira chaka cha 2001. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu ambiri amalolera kukhala ma cyborgs m'malo motengera chibadwa chawo "chopatsidwa ndi Mulungu".

Ichi ndichifukwa chake, monga ntchito yothandiza anthu, tikuyembekeza kuti mwachidule za njira zamankhwala zobwezeretsanso m'munsimu zithandiza kuchotsa manyazi posewera Mulungu. Pokhala osatsutsana kwambiri ndi ambiri:

Kusintha ma stem cell

Mwinamwake mwamvapo zambiri za maselo oyambira pazaka zingapo zapitazi, nthawi zambiri osati momveka bwino. Koma pofika chaka cha 2025, ma cell stem adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchiritsa matenda osiyanasiyana komanso kuvulala.

Tisanafotokoze mmene adzagwiritsire ntchito, m’pofunika kukumbukira kuti tsinde maselo amakhala m’mbali zonse za thupi lathu, akumadikirira kuti achitepo kanthu kuti akonze minyewa yomwe yawonongeka. Ndipotu, maselo onse 10 thililiyoni amene amapanga thupi lathu anachokera ku maselo oyambirira a m’mimba mwa mayi anu. Momwe thupi lanu limapangidwira, ma cell stem amenewo amakhala ma cell aubongo, ma cell amtima, maselo akhungu, ndi zina zambiri.

Masiku ano, asayansi tsopano akutha kutembenuza pafupifupi gulu lililonse la maselo m'thupi lanu kubwerera ku maselo apachiyambi awo. Ndipo ndicho chinthu chachikulu. Popeza zimayambira maselo amatha kusintha kukhala selo lililonse m'thupi lanu, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchiritsa pafupifupi bala lililonse.

Zosavuta Mwachitsanzo Maselo a tsinde kuntchito amaphatikizapo madokotala kutenga zitsanzo za khungu la omwe anawotchedwa, kuwasandutsa ma cell tsinde, kukulitsa khungu latsopano mu mbale ya petri, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito khungu lomwe langoyamba kumene kumezanitsa / m'malo mwa khungu lopsa la wodwalayo. Pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, ma cell cell akuyesedwa ngati chithandizo kuchiza matenda a mtima ngakhalenso kuchiza msana wa olumala, kuwalola kuyendanso.

Koma chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikila kwambiri zama cell tsindewa zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo waposachedwa wa 3D wosindikiza.

3D bioprinting

3D bioprinting ndi ntchito yachipatala yosindikiza ya 3D momwe minofu yamoyo imasindikizidwa mosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza. Ndipo m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki ndi zitsulo ngati osindikiza wamba a 3D, ma 3D bioprinters amagwiritsa ntchito (mumaganizira) ma cell cell ngati zomangira.

Njira yonse yosonkhanitsa ndi kukulitsa ma cell tsinde ndi yofanana ndi njira yomwe yafotokozedwera chitsanzo cha wovulalayo. Komabe, maselo okwanira akakula, amatha kudyetsedwa mu chosindikizira cha 3D kuti apange mawonekedwe aliwonse amtundu wa 3D, monga khungu lolowa m'malo, makutu, mafupa, ndipo, makamaka, amathanso. kusindikiza ziwalo.

Ziwalo zosindikizidwa za 3D izi ndi mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa uinjiniya wa minofu womwe umayimira m'malo mwa ma implants opangira omwe tawatchula kale. Ndipo mofanana ndi ziwalo zopangira zimenezo, ziwalo zosindikizidwa zimenezi tsiku lina zidzachepetsa kuchepa kwa zopereka za ziwalo.

Izi zati, ziwalo zosindikizidwazi zimaperekanso phindu lina kwa makampani opanga mankhwala, popeza ziwalo zosindikizidwazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa mankhwala olondola komanso otsika mtengo ndi katemera. Ndipo popeza ziwalozi zimasindikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maselo a tsinde a wodwalayo, chiwopsezo cha chitetezo chamthupi cha wodwalayo kukana ziwalozi chimatsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ziwalo zoperekedwa kuchokera kwa anthu, nyama, ndi ma implants ena opangidwa ndi makina.

M'tsogolomu, pofika zaka za m'ma 2040, makina osindikizira apamwamba a 3D adzasindikiza miyendo yonse yomwe ingathe kulumikizidwanso ndi chitsa cha anthu odulidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma prosthetics asamagwire ntchito.

Mankhwala a Gene

Ndi chithandizo cha majini, sayansi imayamba kusokoneza chilengedwe. Uwu ndi mtundu wamankhwala womwe umapangidwira kukonza zovuta zama genetic.

Kufotokozera mwachidule, chithandizo cha majini chimaphatikizapo kukhala ndi DNA yanu motsatizana; kenako kufufuzidwa kuti apeze majini olakwika omwe amayambitsa matenda; kenako kusinthidwa / kusinthidwa kuti m'malo mwa zolakwikazo ndi majini athanzi (masiku ano pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha CRISPR chofotokozedwa m'mutu wapitawu); ndiyeno potsiriza bweretsaninso majini omwe ali athanzi m'thupi lanu kuti achiritse matendawo.

Akamaliza kukhala angwiro, chithandizo cha majini chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchiza matenda osiyanasiyana, monga khansa, Edzi, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, shuga, matenda amtima, ngakhale kulumala kwakuthupi monga. osamva.

Genetic engineering

Ntchito zothandizira zaumoyo za uinjiniya wa majini zimalowa m'dera lotuwa. Kunena mwaukadaulo, chitukuko cha maselo a stem ndi chithandizo cha jini nawonso ndi mitundu ya genetic engineering, ngakhale yofatsa. Komabe, kagwiridwe ntchito ka umisiri wa majini kumene anthu ambiri amadetsa nkhaŵa kumakhudza kupangidwa kwaumunthu ndi uinjiniya wa makanda opangidwa ndi opangidwa mwaluso ndi anthu opambana aumunthu.

Mitu iyi tisiyira mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Chisinthiko cha Anthu. Koma pa cholinga cha mutuwu, pali njira imodzi yopangira majini yomwe ilibe kutsutsana ... chabwino, pokhapokha ngati ndinu wosadya nyama.

Pakadali pano, makampani ngati United Therapeutics akugwira ntchito genetic engineer nkhumba ndi ziwalo zomwe zili ndi majini amunthu. Chifukwa chowonjezera majini aumunthuwa ndikupewa ziwalo za nkhumba izi kukanidwa ndi chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu chomwe adayikidwamo.

Zikapambana, ziweto zimatha kukulitsidwa pamlingo kuti zipereke ziwalo zolowa m'malo mwa nyama kupita kwa munthu "xeno-transplantation." Izi zikuyimira njira ina yopangira zida zosindikizira ndi 3D pamwambapa, ndi mwayi wokhala wotchipa kuposa ziwalo zopangira komanso kupitilira mwaukadaulo kuposa zida zosindikizidwa za 3D. Izi zati, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zifukwa zamakhalidwe komanso zachipembedzo zotsutsana ndi njira yopangira ziwalo izi zitha kuwonetsetsa kuti ukadaulowu sukhala wofala.

Sipadzakhalanso kuvulala ndi kulumala

Poganizira mndandanda wa zochapira za njira zaukadaulo ndi zamankhwala zomwe takambiranazi, zikutheka kuti nthawi ya Osatha kuvulala ndi kulumala zidzatha pasanathe pakati pa 2040s.

Ndipo ngakhale mpikisano pakati pa njira zochiritsira za diametric sizidzatha, mokulira, zotsatira zake zonse zidzayimira kupambana kwenikweni pazaumoyo wa anthu.

Inde, iyi si nkhani yonse. Pofika pano, mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Zaumoyo wasanthula zomwe zanenedweratu zothetsa matenda ndi kuvulala, koma bwanji za thanzi lathu lamaganizidwe? M’mutu wotsatira, tikambirana ngati tingachiritse maganizo athu mosavuta ngati mmene matupi athu amachitira.