Kukhala wobiriwira: Gawo lotsatira la mphamvu zokhazikika komanso zowonjezereka

Pamene tikuwona kupita patsogolo kofulumira kwa chitukuko chamakono m'zaka khumi zapitazi, malingaliro owonjezereka ndi zoyesayesa zimayamba kuonekera pofuna kuthana ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a maphunziro ndi mafakitale ayamba kudziwa kuti mafuta oyaka mafuta ayamba kuchepa ndipo amayesa kupeza njira zina zothetsera mphamvu zomwe zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zowonjezereka. Khama loterolo - monga momwe mungaganizire - sizikanakhala zosavuta, koma zotsatira zake ndizoyenera pamapeto pake. Magulu awiri osiyana apanga bwino zinthu zomwe zingasinthe moyo pakupanga mphamvu, zomwe mutha kuziwerenga mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.

Monga cholembera cham'mbali, tisanapitirire, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti malingaliro amphamvu zokhazikika komanso zongowonjezwdwa - pomwe amagawana zofananira - pamipando zimakhala zosiyana ndi zina. Mphamvu zokhazikika ndi mtundu uliwonse wa mphamvu zomwe zitha kupangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuwononga mibadwo yamtsogolo. Kumbali ina, mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ndi mphamvu zomwe mwina sizitha zikagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena zimatha kusinthidwa mosavuta zitagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mitundu yonse iwiriyi ndi yogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, koma mphamvu zokhazikika zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sizikusungidwa kapena kuyang'aniridwa bwino.

Google's Kite Powered Wind Farm

Kuchokera kwa omwe adapanga makina osakira otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pamabwera gwero latsopano lamphamvu zokhazikika. Chiyambireni kugulidwa kwa Makani Power - kuyambika kwa kafukufuku wamagetsi amphepo - mu 2013, Google X yagwira ntchito yake yatsopano yomwe idatchulidwa moyenera. Project Makani. Project Makani ndi kaiti yayikulu, yautali wa 7.3m yomwe imatha kupanga mphamvu zambiri kuposa makina opangira mphepo. Astro Teller, Mtsogoleri wa Google X amakhulupirira kuti, "[ngati] izi zigwira ntchito monga momwe zinapangidwira, zikhoza kufulumizitsa kusuntha kwapadziko lonse ku mphamvu zowonjezereka."

Pali zigawo zinayi zazikulu za Project Makani. Yoyamba ndi kite, yomwe ili ngati ndege m'mawonekedwe ake ndipo imakhala ndi ma rotor 8. Zozungulira izi zimathandiza kuchotsa kaiti pansi ndikufika pamalo ake oyenerera. Pa kutalika koyenera, ma rotors adzatsekedwa, ndipo kukoka komwe kunapangidwa kuchokera ku mphepo kumayenda kudutsa ma rotor kudzayamba kupanga mphamvu zozungulira. Mphamvu imeneyi imasinthidwa kukhala magetsi. Kaitiyi imawulukira chapakati chifukwa cha cholumikizira, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chilumikizane ndi siteshoni yapansi.

Chigawo chotsatira ndi cholumikizira chokha. Kupatula kungogwira kite pansi, tether imasamutsanso magetsi opangidwa ku siteshoni yapansi, pamene nthawi yomweyo imatumiza mauthenga olankhulana ku kite. Chingwecho chimapangidwa kuchokera ku waya wopangira aluminiyamu wokutidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yofewa koma yamphamvu.

Kenako pamabwera poyambira. Imakhala ngati polumikizira kaiti ikauluka komanso popumira pamene kite sikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chigawochi chimatenganso malo ocheperapo kusiyana ndi makina opangira mphepo wamba pomwe chimakhala chonyamulika, kotero chimatha kusuntha kuchokera kumalo kupita kumalo komwe mphepo imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri.

Gawo lomaliza la Project Makani ndi makina apakompyuta. Izi zimakhala ndi GPS ndi masensa ena omwe amalepheretsa kite kupita njira yake. Masensawa amaonetsetsa kuti kite ili m'madera omwe ali ndi mphepo yamphamvu komanso yosasinthasintha.

Malo abwino kwambiri a Google X's Makani kite ali pamalo okwera pafupifupi 140m (459.3 ft) mpaka 310m (1017.1 ft) pamwamba pa nthaka komanso pa mphepo yamkuntho yozungulira 11.5 m/s (37.7 ft/s) (ngakhale ikhoza kuyamba kupanga mphamvu pamene liwiro la mphepo ndi osachepera 4 m/s (13.1 ft/s)). Kite ikakhala m'mikhalidwe yabwinoyi, imakhala ndi utali wozungulira wa 145m (475.7 ft).

Project Makani ikuganiziridwa kuti ilowe m'malo mwa makina opangira mphepo wamba chifukwa ndi othandiza kwambiri komanso amatha kufikira mphepo yamkuntho, yomwe imakhala yamphamvu komanso yosasinthasintha kuposa yomwe ili pafupi ndi pansi. Ngakhale mwatsoka mosiyana ndi makina opangira mphepo, sichingayikidwe pamadera omwe ali pafupi ndi misewu ya anthu onse kapena zingwe zamagetsi, ndipo ziyenera kuyikidwa motalikirana kwambiri kuti zisawonongeke pakati pa ma kites.

Project Makani idayesedwa koyamba ku Pescadero, California, dera lomwe lili ndi mphepo zamphamvu kwambiri zosayembekezereka komanso zamphamvu kwambiri. Google X idabwera yokonzeka kwambiri, ndipo "idafuna" ma kite osachepera asanu kuti awonongeke pakuyesa kwawo. Koma m'maola opitilira 100 othawa, adalephera kuwononga kite imodzi, zomwe Google idakhulupirira kuti sichinthu chabwino kwenikweni. Teller, mwachitsanzo, adavomereza kuti "adatsutsana" ndi zotsatira zake, “Sitinkafuna kuti chiwonongeko, koma tinkaonanso ngati talephera mwanjira ina. Pali matsenga mwa aliyense akukhulupirira kuti mwina tidalephera chifukwa sitinalephere. Ndemanga iyi ikhoza kukhala yomveka ngati tilingalira kuti anthu, kuphatikiza Google, amatha kuphunzira zambiri pakulephera ndikulakwitsa.

Mabakiteriya Otembenuza Mphamvu ya Solar

Kutulukira kwachiwiri kumachokera ku mgwirizano wapakati pa Harvard University's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Medical School, ndi Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, zomwe zachititsa zomwe zimatchedwa "tsamba la bionic". Kupanga kwatsopano kumeneku kumagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ndi malingaliro omwe adapezeka kale, komanso ma tweaks angapo. Cholinga chachikulu cha tsamba la bionic ndikusandutsa haidrojeni ndi carbon dioxide kukhala isopropanol mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi bakiteriya wotchedwa. Ralstonia eutropha - zotsatira zomwe mukufuna popeza isopropanol ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta amadzimadzi monga ethanol.

Poyambirira, kupangidwaku kunachokera ku Daniel Nocera wa Harvard University kupambana pakupanga cobalt-phosphate catalyst yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi kugawa madzi kukhala haidrojeni ndi mpweya. Koma popeza hydrogen sinagwirebe ngati mafuta ena, Nocera adasankha kugwirizana ndi Pamela Silver ndi Joseph Torella wa Harvard Medical School kuti apeze njira yatsopano.

Pamapeto pake, gululo lidabwera ndi lingaliro lomwe tatchulalo kuti ligwiritse ntchito mtundu wa genetic modified Ralstonia eutropha zomwe zimatha kusintha hydrogen ndi carbon dioxide kukhala isopropanol. Pa kafukufukuyu, zidapezekanso kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza mankhwala.

Pambuyo pake, Nocera ndi Silver adakwanitsa kupanga bioreactor yodzaza ndi chothandizira chatsopano, mabakiteriya ndi ma cell a solar kuti apange mafuta amadzimadzi. Chothandizira chimatha kugawa madzi aliwonse, ngakhale atayipitsidwa kwambiri; mabakiteriya amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala za mafuta oyaka; ndipo ma cell a dzuwa amalandira mphamvu zokhazikika ngati pali dzuwa. Zonse zikaphatikizidwa, zotsatira zake zimakhala mtundu wobiriwira wamafuta womwe umayambitsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

kotero, momwe chotulukirachi chimagwirira ntchito kwenikweni ndi losavuta. Choyamba, asayansi akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe cha bioreactor sichikhala ndi zakudya zilizonse zomwe mabakiteriya amatha kudya kuti apange zinthu zosafunikira. Izi zikachitika, maselo a dzuwa ndi chothandizira amatha kuyamba kugawa madzi kukhala haidrojeni ndi mpweya. Kenako, mtsukowo umagwedezeka kuti asangalatse mabakiteriyawo pakukula kwawo kwabwinobwino. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya azidya pa haidrojeni yomwe yangopangidwa kumene ndipo pamapeto pake isopropanol imaperekedwa ngati zinyalala kuchokera ku mabakiteriya.

Torella adanena izi ponena za polojekiti yawo ndi mitundu ina yazinthu zokhazikika, "Mafuta ndi gasi sizinthu zokhazikika zamafuta, pulasitiki, feteleza, kapena mankhwala ena ambirimbiri opangidwa ndi iwo. Yankho lotsatira labwino kwambiri pambuyo pa mafuta ndi gasi ndilo biology, imene padziko lonse lapansi imatulutsa mpweya wochuluka kuŵirikiza ka 100 pachaka kudzera mu photosynthesis kuposa mmene anthu amadyera ku mafuta.”