Maselo ochepa opangira: Kupanga moyo wokwanira wofufuza zamankhwala

• Author:
• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• December 23, 2022

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Pofufuza zofunikira pa moyo, asayansi akhala akuchepetsa ma genomes kuti apange maselo ochepa, kuwulula ntchito zofunika kwambiri pa moyo. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zosayembekezereka komanso zovuta, monga mawonekedwe a maselo osakhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kukonzanso komanso kumvetsetsa zofunikira za majini. Kafukufukuyu akutsegulira njira yopita patsogolo mu biology yopangira, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakukula kwa mankhwala, kuphunzira matenda, ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi munthu payekha.

Maselo ang'onoang'ono opangira

Maselo ochita kupanga ochepa kapena kuchepetsa ma genome ndi njira yopangira biology kuti mumvetsetse momwe kuyanjana pakati pa majini ofunikira kumathandizira kuti thupi liziyenda bwino. Kuchepetsa ma genome kunagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira-kumanga-kuyesa-kuphunzira yomwe idadalira kuwunika ndi kuphatikiza magawo amtundu wa modular genomic ndi chidziwitso kuchokera ku transposon mutagenesis (njira yosamutsa ma jini kuchokera ku gulu lina kupita ku lina) kuti athandizire kuwongolera ma jini. Njirayi inachepetsa kukondera popeza majini ofunikira ndipo inapatsa asayansi zida zosinthira, kumanganso, ndi kuphunzira ma genome ndi zomwe amachita.

Mu 2010, asayansi ku US-based J. Craig Venter Institute (JVCI) adalengeza kuti adachotsa bwinobwino DNA ya mabakiteriya a Mycoplasma capricolum ndipo m'malo mwake ndi DNA yopangidwa ndi makompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya ena, Mycoplasma mycoides. Gululi lidatcha chamoyo chawo chatsopano JCVI-syn1.0, kapena 'Synthetic,' mwachidule. Chamoyochi chinali choyamba chodzibwereza zamoyo padziko lapansi chomwe chinali ndi makolo apakompyuta. Linapangidwa kuti lithandize asayansi kumvetsa mmene moyo umayendera, kuyambira ku maselo kupita mmwamba. 

Mu 2016, gululi lidapanga JCVI-syn3.0, chamoyo chokhala ndi selo imodzi yokhala ndi majini ochepa kuposa mtundu wina uliwonse wodziwika wa moyo wosalira zambiri (majini 473 okha poyerekeza ndi jini ya JVCI-syn1.0's 901). Komabe, chamoyocho chinachita zinthu zosayembekezereka. M'malo mopanga maselo athanzi, idapanga owoneka modabwitsa panthawi yodzibwereza yokha. Asayansi adazindikira kuti adachotsa majini ambiri m'selo loyambirira, kuphatikiza omwe amachititsa kuti ma cell agawike. 

Zosokoneza

Pofunitsitsa kupeza chamoyo chathanzi chokhala ndi majini ochepa kwambiri, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ochokera ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ndi National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) adasakanizanso kachidindo ka JCVI-syn3.0 mu 2021. Anatha kupanga ndondomeko mtundu watsopano wotchedwa JCVI-syn3A. Ngakhale kuti selo latsopanoli lili ndi majini 500 okha, limakhala ngati selo lokhazikika chifukwa cha ntchito ya ofufuza. 

Asayansi akuyesetsa kuchotsa selo mopitilira muyeso. Mu 2021, chamoyo chatsopano chopangidwa chotchedwa M. mycoides JCVI-syn3B chinasinthika kwa masiku 300, kusonyeza kuti chimatha kusintha nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Akatswiri a zamoyo alinso ndi chiyembekezo kuti chamoyo chowongolera bwino chingathandize asayansi kuphunzira zamoyo pamlingo wake woyambira ndikumvetsetsa momwe matenda amapitira patsogolo.

Mu 2022, gulu la asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Illinois ku Urbana-Champaign, JVCI, ndi Germany-based Technische Universität Dresden adapanga chitsanzo cha makompyuta cha JCVI-syn3A. Chitsanzochi chikhoza kuneneratu molondola kukula kwake kwa analogi ndi kamangidwe kake. Pofika chaka cha 2022, inali mtundu wathunthu waselo lonse womwe kompyuta idatengera.

Zoyezera izi zitha kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira. Izi zikuphatikizapo kagayidwe kachakudya, kakulidwe, ndi kachitidwe ka chidziwitso cha majini pamaselo a cell. Kusanthulaku kumapereka chidziwitso pa mfundo za moyo komanso momwe maselo amawonongera mphamvu, kuphatikizapo kayendedwe ka amino acid, nucleotides, ndi ayoni. Pamene kafukufuku wochepa wa maselo akupitilira kukula, asayansi amatha kupanga njira zabwinoko zopangira biology zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mankhwala, kuphunzira matenda, ndikupeza njira zochiritsira za majini.

Zotsatira za maselo opangira ochepa

Zotsatira zazikulu za kakulidwe ka maselo ochepa ochita kupanga zingaphatikizepo: 

• Mgwirizano wambiri wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti upangitse machitidwe osasinthika koma ogwira ntchito kuti afufuze.
• Kuchuluka kwa kuphunzira pamakina ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira makompyuta kuti apange mapu achilengedwe, monga maselo amagazi ndi mapuloteni.
• Advanced synthetic biology ndi makina-organism hybrids, kuphatikiza body-on-a-chip ndi maloboti amoyo. Komabe, zoyesererazi zitha kulandira madandaulo azamakhalidwe kuchokera kwa asayansi ena.
• Makampani ena a biotech ndi biopharma amaika ndalama zambiri pakupanga biology kuti athandizire kufulumira kwamankhwala ndi chithandizo chamankhwala.
• Kuchulukirachulukira kwatsopano komanso kutulukira pakusintha ma genetic pomwe asayansi amaphunzira zambiri za majini ndi momwe angawagwiritsire ntchito.
• Kupititsa patsogolo malamulo okhudza kafukufuku wa sayansi ya sayansi ya zamoyo kuti awonetsetse kuti pachitika zinthu zabwino, kuteteza kukhulupirika kwa sayansi komanso kukhulupirirana ndi anthu.
• Kuyamba kwa mapulogalamu atsopano a maphunziro ndi maphunziro okhudza biology yopangira ndi mitundu ya moyo wochita kupanga, kukonzekeretsa m'badwo wotsatira wa asayansi luso lapadera.
• Kusintha njira zachipatala kupita kumankhwala okhazikika, kugwiritsa ntchito ma cell opangira komanso biology yopangira pazithandizo zopangidwa mwaluso komanso zowunikira.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Ngati mumagwira ntchito yopangira biology, maubwino ena a maselo ochepa ndi ati?
• Kodi mabungwe ndi mabungwe angagwirire bwanji ntchito limodzi kuti apititse patsogolo zamoyo zopanga?