Lisathelaete tse ikemetseng: Sehlopha se ikemetseng sa bafuputsi ba sepakapaka

• Author:
• Lebitso la sengoli

  Quantumrun Ponelopele
• December 23, 2022

Kakaretso ea kutloisiso

Lisathelaete tse nyane li fihletse katleho e kholo, ho qala ka ho beha leihlo linaleling ho isa ho ho bokella lintlha. Leha ho le joalo, lithibelo tse ntseng li eketseha tsa lichelete li lebisitse ho bo-rasaense ho batla litharollo tse ling, tse baballang litšenyehelo bakeng sa lisathelaete, ho kenyeletsoa ho itsamaisa le ho boloka matla. Litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa ho theha li-satellite tse ikemetseng li ka kenyelletsa mesebetsi e betere ea ho hlahloba lipolanete tse ling le taolo e ntle ea litšila tsa sepakapaka.

Boemo ba li-satellites tse ikemetseng

Ho ea ka phuputso e entsoeng ke Univesithi ea Theknoloji ea Delft e Netherlands, lisathelaete tse nyenyane ka tloaelo li hlalosoa e le sepakapaka se boima ba lik’hilograma tse 500 (kg) kapa ka tlaase ho moo. Mefuta ena e kenyelletsa li-minisatellites (100-500kg), li-microsatellites (10-100kg), li-nanosatellites (1-10 kg), li-picosatellites (0.1-1 kg), le li-femtosatellites (0.01-0.1 kg). Sekhahla sa katleho ea mesebetsi ea sathelaete se eketsehile ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea miniaturization. Ka lebaka leo, lihlopha tse ngata tsa univesithi, lik'hamphani, le mekhatlo ea sepakapaka e sisinya lithupelo tse nyenyane tsa sathelaete bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa saense.

Leha ho le joalo, litaba tse 'maloa li ka etsa hore ho be thata ho laola lits'ebetso tse nyane tsa satellite ho tloha seteisheneng sa fatše. Liqholotso tsena li kenyelletsa ho sala morao lifofa-sebakeng tse ngata ka nako e le 'ngoe ka lisebelisoa tse fokolang, ho eketsa mesebetsi e nang le mehloli e fokolang e fumanehang, le litšenyehelo tsa matla le ts'ebetso ea lihlopha tsena tsa boromuoa. 

Ka liphephetso tsena kelellong, bo-rasaense ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho litsamaiso tse ikemetseng. Sistimi ea ho sesa e tla u tsoela molemo haholo ho tsoa boipusong kaha litsamaiso tsena li theiloe ho lateleng lintho tse bonoang ke radioometric (ha e le hantle e hakanya boemo ba sefofane sa sepakapaka le lebelo la sona ka mats'oao a seea-le-moea). Ho phaella moo, ho laola sefofa-sebakeng hangata ho etsoa ka litaelo tse rometsoeng ho tsoa liteisheneng tse fatše, hangata ho itšetlehile ka tieho; litsamaiso tse ikemetseng li ka qoba mefokolo e joalo le ho arabela litšitiso ka potlako.

Tšusumetso e senyang

Boipuso bo na le monyetla oa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa thomo kapa ho eketsa ts'ebetso ka tšebeliso e fokolang ea ts'ebetso ea fatše kapa hardware. Ntle le moo, sefofa-sebakeng se ka etsa mosebetsi o itseng ka potlako ho feta tsamaiso ea fatše haeba se khona ho tsamaea ka bolokolohi sebakeng le ho bokella tlhahisoleseding. Hape, mesebetsi e kang ho bokella mehlala e ka etsoa feela ka boipuso, haholo-holo lipatlisisong tse tebileng tsa sebaka. 

Ho sesa ka boithaopo ho 'nile ha sebelisoa mesebetsing e mengata ea sebaka se tebileng, ho kenyeletsa Deep Space 1, STARDUST, le Deep Impact. Liphuputso tsena li ile tsa tšehetsoa ke Autonomous Optical System (AutoNAV) ea Jet Propulsion Laboratory (AutoNAV) le SMART-1, e entsoeng ke US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Mesebetsi ena e ne e sebelisa mokhoa oa ho sebelisa li-optical navigation, tse sebelisang li-sensor ho bala boemo ba sefofa-sebakeng, lebelo la sona le linaha tse ling ho ipapisitse le lihloliloeng.

Liteko tse 'maloa li ntse li tsoela pele ho etsa hore lisathelaete tse itaolang li ikemele le ho sebetsa ka mefuta e mengata. Mohlala, ka 2022, US Naval Research Laboratory e ile ea qala ho theha leano la ho nolofalletsa lisathelaete tse sa sebetseng ho khutlela Lefatšeng le ho hlakola bohlasoa ba sebaka. Tlhahiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore lisathelaete tse ncha li kenngoe ka “lithapo tse tšesaane” tse ka bang bolelele ba k’hilomithara. Ka ho tsamaisa motlakase ka khoele, sathelaete e ka sebelisa sebaka sa eona sa motlakase le matla a lefatše a khoheli ho itsamaisa ho khutlela tlase ho e-na le ho thula ka tšohanyetso.

Ho sa le joalo, ka selemo sa 2019, li-satellite tsa SpaceX's Starlink e bile mehlala ea pele ea ho qala e ka qobang ho thulana le lintho tse ling tse potolohang. Ha e fumana tlhokomeliso bakeng sa e 'ngoe ea Starlinks ea eona, SpaceX e tla romella tlhahisoleseling hang-hang ho sathelaete e le hore e ka qoba ka nepo ka li-thrusters tsa motlakase.

Liphello tsa li-satellite tse ikemetseng

Litlamorao tse pharalletseng tsa li-satellite tse ikemetseng li ka kenyelletsa: 

• Mesebetsi ea ho hlahloba lipolanete tse haufi le Khoeli e ikemela ka botlalo, e fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso.
• Lisathelaete tsa Marang-rang tsa Space Internet li khona ho qoba likhohlano, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tsela e ntseng e eketseha ea batho ba tlaase-tlaase (LEO).
• Liunivesithi le mekhatlo e meng ea lipatlisiso ea sechaba e khona ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa bona tsa sebaka se senyenyane ka litšenyehelo tse tlase haholo.
• Mekhatlo ea sepakapaka e nts'etsapele lits'ebetso tse ikemetseng ho ts'ehetsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele le ho theha likolone.
• Ho theola palo ea matlakala a sebaka ka lebaka la ho thulana ha satellite. Mokhoa ona o ka fokotsa litšila le tšenyo ea sebaka.
• Keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea satellite e thehiloeng ho Lefats'e, ho matlafatsa tlhahlobo ea nako ea nnete le taolo ea liphetoho tsa tikoloho le litoropo.
• Ho tšepahala ho matlafalitsoeng le ho fokotseha ha latency ho marang-rang a puisano a lefats'e, haholo-holo ho ruisa libaka tse hōle le tse sa bolokehang.
• Mebuso e amohelang meralo e mecha ea taolo ho laola sephethephethe sa lisathelaete tse ikemetseng, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e bolokehileng le e tsitsitseng ea sepakapaka.

Lipotso tse lokelang ho nahanoa

• Melemo e meng e ka bang teng ea lisathelaete le lifofa-sebakeng ke life?
• U nahana hore theknoloji ee e tla potlakisa litšibollo tsa sepakapaka joang?