Ukushintsha ingqalasizinda yesimo sezulu esishintshayo

Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuqala ukuwohloka emhlabeni, ingqalasizinda yomphakathi wethu kuzodingeka ibhekane nezinguquko ezinkulu. Ingqalasizinda ihlanganisa izinto ezifana nezindlela zethu zokuthutha, ugesi namanzi, nezinhlelo zokukhucululwa kwendle nemfucuza. Into ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokho, ukuthi ngeke kusebenze noma iyiphi indawo ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzoba nezitayela eziningi ezahlukene zokubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nesomiso, ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle, izikhukhula, izishingishane, ukushisa okukhulu noma amakhaza, neziphepho.

Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, ngizonikeza umbono ojwayelekile wamasu ahlukene wengqalasizinda yethu yesikhathi esizayo ekwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi indawo ngayinye kuzofanele yenze eyayo izifundo eziqondene nesizindalwazi ukuze ithole izixazululo ezingcono kakhulu zezidingo zayo.

Transportation

Imigwaqo. Kuyabiza ukuzinakekela njengoba zinjalo, kodwa ngomonakalo owengeziwe wezikhukhula, imvula, ukushisa nesithwathwa, ukugcinwa kwemigwaqo kuzoba kubiza kakhulu. Imigwaqo egandayiwe lapho imvula nezikhukhula kuyinkinga kuzokuba nzima ukubhekana nawo wonke amanzi engeziwe. Inkinga ngezinto esinazo manje ukuthi, ngokungafani nendawo yemvelo, azicwilisi nhlobo amanzi. Bese sinawo wonke lawa manzi engeziwe angazi ukuthi angashonaphi, agcine egcwele imigwaqo namadolobha. Imvula eyengeziwe izolimaza nezimpawu zomgwaqo emigwaqweni eyitiyela futhi ibangele ukuguguleka kwemigwaqo engagandayiwe. I Imibiko ye-EPA ukuthi le nkinga izoba yisimangaliso ikakhulukazi e-United States esifundeni se-Great Planes, okungenzeka idinge imali efinyelela ku-$3.5 billion ukuze ilungiswe ngo-2100.

Ezindaweni lapho ukushisa okukhulu kukhathaza kakhulu, amazinga okushisa aphezulu azodala ukuthi imigwaqo egandayiwe iqhekeke kaningi futhi idinga ukulungiswa okwengeziwe. Ama-pavements aphinde afake ukushisa okwengeziwe, aguqule amadolobha abe yizindawo ezishisa kakhulu neziyingozi. Unalokhu engqondweni, izindawo ezinamazinga okushisa ashisayo zingase ziqale ukusebenzisa izinhlobo “umgwaqo opholile. "

Uma siqhubeka nokukhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa amaningi njengoba senza njengamanje, iphrojekthi ye-EPA okuthi ngo-2100, izindleko zokuzivumelanisa nezimo e-U.S. emigwaqweni zikhuphuke zifinyelele kuze kufike ku-$10 billion. Lokhu kulinganisa akubandakanyi omunye umonakalo ovela ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle noma izikhukhula zesiphepho, ngakho-ke kungenzeka uphakeme nakakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngomthetho owengeziwe mayelana nokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa balinganisela ukuthi singagwema u-$4.2 - $7.4 wezigidigidi zalo monakalo.

Amabhuloho nemigwaqo emikhulu. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zengqalasizinda zizodinga ushintsho olukhulu emadolobheni asogwini nasezingeni eliphansi lolwandle. Njengoba iziphepho ziba namandla kakhulu, amabhuloho nemigwaqo emikhulu isengozini yokuba sengozini kakhulu kukho kokubili ingcindezi umoya owengeziwe namanzi okuyibeka phezu kwayo, kanye nokuguga okuvamile.

Ngamabhuloho ngokuqondile, ingozi enkulu yinto ebizwa ngokuthi khuhla. Kulapho amanzi ahamba ngokushesha ngaphansi kwebhuloho ekhukhula inzika esekela izisekelo zayo. Njengoba imizimba yamanzi ilokhu ikhula isuka emvuleni eyengeziwe kanye namazinga olwandle ekhuphuka, ukukhukhuleka kuzoqhubeka nokuba kubi kakhulu. Izindlela ezimbili zamanje i-EPA eziphakamisa ngayo ukusiza ukulwa nalolu daba esikhathini esizayo ukwengeza amadwala nenzinga ukuze kuzinziswe izisekelo zebhuloho kanye nokwengeza ukhonkolo okwengeziwe ukuze kuqiniswe amabhuloho ngokujwayelekile.

Izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi. Okulandelayo, ake sicabangele ezokuthutha zomphakathi njengamabhasi edolobha, izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi, izitimela, namametro. Ngethemba lokuthi sizobe sehlisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yethu, abantu abaningi bazobe behamba ngezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi. Emadolobheni amakhulu, kuzoba nenani elikhulu lemizila yamabhasi noma yezitimela ezohambahamba, futhi nenani lilonke lamabhasi nezitimela lizokwanda ukuze kuvuleke indawo yezinombolo eziningi zabantu. Kodwa-ke, ikusasa liphethe amathuba amaningi asabisayo ezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi izikhukhula nokushisa okukhulu.

Ngenxa yezikhukhula, imigudu kanye nezinto zokuhamba ezingaphansi komhlaba kwezitimela zizohlupheka. Lokhu kunengqondo ngoba izindawo ezizokhukhula kuqala yizona eziphansi kakhulu. Bese wengeza kolayini bakagesi ukuthi izindlela zokuhamba ezifana ne-metro kanye ne-subways ezisebenzisayo futhi sinengozi eqondile yomphakathi. Eqinisweni, sesivele saqala ukubona lolu hlobo lwezikhukhula ezindaweni ezifana New York City, kusukela kuSiphepho uSandy, futhi kuya ngokuba kubi kakhulu. Izimpendulo kulezi zinsongo zihlanganisa izinguquko zengqalasizinda njengokwakha ama-grates okungenisa umoya anyusiwe ukuze kuncishiswe amanzi eziphepho, ukwakha izici zokuzivikela ezifana nezindonga ezibambayo, futhi, kwezinye izindawo, ukuthutha ingqalasizinda yethu yezokuthutha iyise ezindaweni ezisengozini encane.

Mayelana nokushisa okudlulele, ingabe uke waba sezokuthutha zomphakathi zasedolobheni ngesikhathi sokujaha ehlobo? Ngizokunikeza iseluleko: akumnandi. Ngisho noma kune-air conditioning (imvamisa ingekho), njengoba abantu abaningi begcwele njengamasardine, kunzima ukugcina izinga lokushisa liphansi. Leli nani lokushisa lingaholela ezingozini eziningi zangempela, njengokukhathala kokushisa kwabantu abagibele izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi. Ukuze kuncishiswe le nkinga, ingqalasizinda kuzodingeka ibe nezimo ezigcwele kancane noma izinhlobo ezingcono zokupholisa umoya.

Okokugcina, ukushisa okudlulele kwaziwa ngokubangela izintambo eziboshwe, eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-heat kinks", eduze komzila wesitimela. Zombili lezi zitimela zehlisa isivinini futhi zidinga ukulungiswa okwengeziwe nokubizayo kwezokuthutha.

Ezokuthutha ngendiza. Enye yezinto ezinkulu okufanele ucabange ngazo mayelana nohambo lwendiza ukuthi wonke umsebenzi uncike kakhulu esimweni sezulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindiza kuzodingeka zimelane kakhulu nokushisa okunamandla neziphepho ezinamandla. Okunye okucatshangelwayo yimigwaqo yendiza yangempela, ngoba eminingi iseduze nezinga lolwandle futhi isengozini yezikhukhula. Ukuqubuka kwesiphepho kuzokwenza ukuthi imizila yezindiza eminingi ingatholakali isikhathi eside. Ukuze sixazulule lokhu, singase siqale ukuphakamisa imigwaqo yezindiza ezakhiweni eziphakeme noma sithuthe eziningi zezindiza zethu ezinkulu. 

Ezokuthutha zasolwandle. Amachweba namachweba azobona izinguquko ezengeziwe ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwezilwandle kanye neziphepho ezikhulayo ogwini. Ezinye zezakhiwo kuzodingeka ziphakanyiswe phezulu noma ziqiniswe kakhulu ukuze nje zibekezelele ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle.

Energy

Ukushisa komoya kanye nokufudumeza. Njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwenza ukushisa kufinyelele ezingeni elisha, isidingo se-air conditioning sizokhuphuka kakhulu. Izindawo emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi amadolobha, zishisa kuze kufike emazingeni okushisa abulalayo ngaphandle kwesiphephetha-moya. Ngokusho kwe Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions, “ukushisa okwedlulele kuyinhlekelele yemvelo ebulala kakhulu kunazo zonke e-U.S., ebulala abantu abaningi ngokwesilinganiso kuneziphepho, umbani, iziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba nezikhukhula kuhlangene.”

Ngeshwa, njengoba lesi sidingo samandla sikhuphuka, amandla ethu okunikeza amandla ayehla. Njengoba izindlela zethu zamanje zokukhiqiza amandla zingenye yemithombo eyinhloko yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa abantu, siyanamathela kulo mbuthano omubi wokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ithemba lethu lilele ekubhekeni emithonjeni ehlanzekile ukuze sinikeze amandla ethu amaningi.

Amadamu. Ezindaweni eziningi, usongo olukhulu emadamini esikhathini esizayo ukwanda kwezikhukhula kanye nokuqhekeka kweziphepho. Nakuba ukuntuleka kokugeleza kwamanzi ngenxa yesomiso kungaba yinkinga kwezinye izindawo, ucwaningo oluvela ku Norwegian University of Science and Technology yabonisa ukuthi “ukwanda kwesikhathi sesomiso kanye nomthamo oshodayo [ngeke] kuthinte ukukhiqizwa kukagesi noma ukusebenza kwendawo yokugcina amanzi.”

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lolu cwaningo lwabonisa nokuthi njengoba kuneziphepho ezandayo, “inani eliphelele lamathuba okungasebenzi kahle kwedamu [i] lizokwanda esimweni sezulu esizayo.” Lokhu kwenzeka uma amadamu esindwa kakhulu amanzi bese egcwala noma ephuka.

Ukwengeza, enkulumweni nge 4 ka-Okthoba exoxa ngokukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, uprofesa wezomthetho uWilliam noMary, Elizabeth Andrews, ikhombisa le miphumela isivele yenzeka. Ukumcaphuna, lapho “iSiphepho u-Floyd sihlasela [i-Tidewater, VA] ngo-September ka-1999, amadamu angu-13 agqekezwa futhi amaningi alimala, futhi ngenxa yalokho, umthetho wokuphepha edamini laseVirginia wachibiyelwa.” Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yeziphepho ezikhulayo, kuzofanele sibeke okuningi engqalasizinda yokuphepha kwamadamu.

Amandla Aluhlaza. Inkinga enkulu uma kukhulunywa ngokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye namandla ukusebenzisa kwethu amafutha emvelo. Uma nje siqhubeka sishisa izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi, sizoqhubeka nokwenza izinguquko zesimo sezulu zibe zimbi nakakhulu.

Unalokhu engqondweni, imithombo yamandla ehlanzekile, eqhubekayo izobaluleka. Lokhu kuzobandakanya ukusetshenziswa umoya, i-solar, Futhi geothermal imithombo, kanye nemiqondo emisha yokwenza ukuthunjwa kwamandla kusebenze kahle futhi kufinyeleleke, njenge I-SolarBotanic Green Tree evuna kokubili umoya namandla elanga.

Ukwakhiwa

Imithethonqubo yokwakha. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinga lolwandle kuzosiqhubezela ekubeni sibe nezakhiwo ezizijwayele kangcono. Ukuthi siyakuthola noma cha lokhu kuthuthukiswa okudingekayo njengokuvimbela noma njengokusabela kuyangabazeka, kodwa kuyofanele kwenzeke ekugcineni. 

Ezindaweni lapho izikhukhula ziyinkinga, kuzoba nezidingo ezengeziwe zengqalasizinda ephakanyisiwe namandla okumelana nezikhukhula. Lokhu kuzohlanganisa noma yikuphi ukwakhiwa okusha esikhathini esizayo, kanye nokunakekela izakhiwo zethu zamanje, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zombili azikwazi ukumelana nezikhukhula. Izikhukhula zingenye yazo izinhlekelele ezibiza kakhulu ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, ngakho-ke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zinezisekelo eziqinile futhi ziphakanyiswe ngaphezu komugqa wezikhukhula kubalulekile. Eqinisweni, ukwanda kwezikhukhula kungase kwenze ezinye izindawo zingabi nemingcele yokwakha ngokuphelele. 

Mayelana nezindawo ezingenawo amanzi, izakhiwo kuzodingeka zisebenzise amanzi ngendlela eyongayo. Lokhu kusho izinguquko ezifana nezindlu zangasese ezigeleza kancane, amashawa, nompompi. Kwezinye izindawo, kungase kudingeke ngisho nokuthi sivalelise ezindaweni zokugeza. Ngiyazi. Nami lokhu kuyangicasula.

Ukwengeza, amabhilidi azodinga ukufakwa kwezinto ezingcono kanye nezakhiwo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukushisisa nokupholisa okuphumelelayo. Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili, ukupholisa umoya kudingekile kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi, ngakho-ke ukuqiniseka ukuthi izakhiwo ziyasiza ekudambiseni ezinye zalezi zidingo kuzoba usizo olukhulu.

Ekugcineni, i emisha eqala ukuza emadolobheni kukhona ophahleni oluhlaza. Lokhu kusho ukuba nezingadi, utshani, noma uhlobo oluthile lwezitshalo ophahleni lwezakhiwo. Ungase ubuze ukuthi iyini iphuzu lezingadi ezisophahleni futhi umangale ukwazi ukuthi empeleni zinezinzuzo ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa le-insulating nomsindo, ukumunca imvula, ukwenza ngcono izinga lomoya, ukwehlisa "iziqhingi zokushisa", ukwengeza ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nje ngokuba muhle ngokujwayelekile. Lolu phahla oluluhlaza luthuthukisa indawo engaphakathi kwedolobha kangangokuthi amadolobha azoqala ukudinga wona noma ama-solar panel kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezintsha. I-San Francisco isivele ikhona wenze lokhu!

Amabhishi nogu. Ukwakhiwa kwasogwini kuya ngokuya kuncipha ukusebenza. Nakuba wonke umuntu ethanda indawo yolwandle, amazinga olwandle akhuphukayo, lezi zindawo ngeshwa zizoba ngezokuqala ezigcina zingaphansi kwamanzi. Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwento enhle ngalokhu kungaba kubantu abangaphakathi kancane kwezwe, ngoba maduze bangase basondele kakhulu ogwini lolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ukwakhiwa eduze nolwandle kuzomele kume, ngoba asikho nesisodwa salezo zakhiwo esizosimama ngenxa yeziphepho ezandayo namagagasi akhuphukayo.

Izindonga zasolwandle. Uma kuziwa kuma-Seawalls, azoqhubeka avame kakhulu futhi asetshenziswe ngokweqile emzamweni wethu wokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isihloko esivela Isayensi yaseMelika ubikezela ukuthi “wonke amazwe emhlabeni wonke ayobe akha izindonga ukuze azivikele ekukhuphukeni kwezilwandle phakathi neminyaka engu-90, ngoba izindleko zezikhukhula zizomba eqolo kunenani lemisebenzi yokuzivikela.” Manje, engangingakwazi ngaphambi kokwenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuvimbela ukukhuphuka kwamagagasi lwenza okuningi ukulimala kwemvelo yasogwini. Bavame ukwenza ukuguguleka kogu kube kubi futhi bangcolise izindlela zemvelo zokubhekana nogu.

Enye indlela esingase siqale ukuyibona ogwini yinto ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlala ogwini." Lezi izi "izakhiwo ezenzelwe imvelo," njengamaxhaphozi, izindunduma zesihlabathi, imihlume noma izixhobo zamakhorali ezenza zonke izinto ezifanayo njengezindonga zasolwandle, kodwa futhi zinikeza izinyoni zasolwandle nezinye izilwane ezihlala emanzini. Nganoma iyiphi inhlanhla emithethweni yokwakha, lezi zinhlobo eziluhlaza zezindonga zasolwandle zingase zibe abadlali abahamba phambili abavikelayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivikelekile ezisogwini njengezinhlelo zemifula, i-Chesapeake Bay, kanye ne-Great Lakes.

Imigudu yamanzi nengqalasizinda eluhlaza

Njengoba ngikhulele eCalifornia, isomiso besilokhu siyisihloko sengxoxo njalo. Ngeshwa, lena inkinga eyodwa engakabi ngcono ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isixazululo esisodwa esilokhu siphonswa engxoxweni ingqalasizinda edlulisa amanzi esuka kwezinye izindawo, njenge Seattle noma Alaska. Nokho ukubhekisisa kukhombisa ukuthi lokhu akusebenzi. Esikhundleni salokho, uhlobo oluhlukile lwengqalasizinda yokonga amanzi into ebizwa ngokuthi “ingqalasizinda eluhlaza.” Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinjengemiphongolo yemvula ukuze kuvunwe amanzi emvula ngokuyisisekelo futhi siwasebenzisele izinto ezinjengokuhlanza izindlu zangasese nokunisela izingadi noma ezolimo. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zindlela, ucwaningo lwalinganisela ukuthi iCalifornia ingasindisa 4.5 trillion wamalitha amanzi.

Enye ingxenye yengqalasizinda eluhlaza ihlanganisa ukushajwa kabusha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokuba nezindawo eziningi zamadolobha ezimunca amanzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindawo ezihamba ngezinyawo ezikwazi ukungena kalula, izingadi zamanzi emvula eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukufaka amanzi engeziwe, kanye nokuba nendawo eningi yezitshalo ezungeze idolobha ukuze amanzi emvula angene emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuhlaziywa okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambilini kulinganisele ukuthi inani lalokhu kushajwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezithile kungaba ngaphezulu kwezingu-$ 50 million.

Indle nemfucuza

Indle. Ngigcine isihloko esihle kakhulu okokugcina, ngokusobala. Ushintsho olukhulu kwingqalasizinda yokukhucululwa kwendle ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu luzokwenza ukuthi izindawo zokuhlanza zisebenze kangcono, futhi lonke uhlelo lukwazi ukumelana nezikhukhula. Ezindaweni ezinezikhukhula, okwamanje inkinga iwukuthi izinhlelo zokukhuculula indle azilungiselelwanga ukudonsa amanzi amaningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma kwenzeka izikhukhula indle iqondiswa ngqo emifudlaneni eseduze noma emifuleni, noma amanzi ezikhukhula angena emapayipini endle bese sithola into ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuchichima kwendle yenhlanzeko.” Igama liyazichaza, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo yilapho indle igeleza futhi isakaza indle egxilile, eluhlaza endaweni ezungezile. Cishe ungacabanga ngezinkinga ezingemuva kwalokhu. Uma kungenjalo, cabanga ngemigqa eminingi yokungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nesifo esiwumphumela. Ingqalasizinda yesikhathi esizayo kuyodingeka ithole izindlela ezintsha zokubhekana nokuchichima futhi ibhekisise ukunakekelwa kwayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni ezinesomiso, kuneminye imibono eminingana ezungezayo mayelana nesimiso sokukhuculula indle. Omunye usebenzisa amanzi amancane ohlelweni ngokuphelele, ukusebenzisa lawo manzi engeziwe kwezinye izidingo. Kodwa-ke, kufanele sikhathazeke ngokugcwala kwendle, ukuthi singayiphatha kanjani ngempumelelo, nokuthi leyo ndle egxilile izoba yingozi kangakanani kwingqalasizinda. Omunye umqondo esingase siqale ukuwudlala kuzoba ukusebenzisa kabusha amanzi ngemva kokwelashwa, okwenza ikhwalithi yalawo manzi ahlungiwe ibaluleke nakakhulu.

Amanzi esiphepho. Sengivele ngikhulume ngenani elihloniphekile mayelana nezinkinga zamanzi eziphepho nezikhukhula, ngakho-ke ngizozama ukuthi ngingaziphindi kakhulu. Esifundweni esithi “Ukubuyisela i-Chesapeake Bay ngo-2025: Ingabe Sisendleleni?”, ummeli omkhulu weChesapeake Bay Foundation, Peggy Sanner, yaveza indaba yokungcoliswa kwamanzi eziphepho, yathi “ingenye yemikhakha emikhulu yokungcola.” USanner uchaza ukuthi ikhambi elikhulu lokungcoliswa kwamanzi eziphepho lihambisana nokuthi singanciphisa kanjani izikhukhula; okungukuthi, ukuba nomhlaba omningi ongamunca amanzi. Uthi, “Lapho selingenile emhlabathini, lokho kugeleza kuyehlisa ijubane, kuphole, futhi kuhlanzeke futhi kuvame ukungena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.” Kodwa-ke, uyavuma ukuthi ukubeka lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zengqalasizinda ngokuvamile kubiza ngempela futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, uma sinenhlanhla, mhlawumbe sizobe sibona okuningi kwalokhu eminyakeni eyi-15 kuya kwengama-25 ezayo.

Imfucuza. Okokugcina, sinemfucuza yakho evamile. Ushintsho olukhulu ngale ngxenye yomphakathi ngethemba ukuthi luzolwehlisa. Uma sibheka izibalo, izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu ezifana nezindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu, izishisi, izivundisi, ngisho nokugaywa kabusha ngokwezinjongo zazo kuze kufike kumaphesenti amahlanu esisi esingcolisa umoya e-United States. Lokhu kungase kungabonakali njengokukuningi, kodwa uma ukuhlanganisa nokuthi zonke lezo zinto zaba khona kanjani kudoti (ukukhiqizwa, ukuthutha, nokugaywa kabusha), cishe Amaphesenti angu-42 e-US greenhouse gas emissions.

Ngalowo mthelela omningi, ayikho indlela esizokwazi ngayo ukugcina lo mthamo wemfucuza ngaphandle kokwenza ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kube kubi kakhulu. Noma sinciphisa umbono wethu futhi sibheka imithelela engqalasizinda iyodwa, sekuvele kubi ngokwenele. Ngethemba, ngokubeka inqwaba yezixazululo nezinqubo ezishiwo ngenhla, isintu singaqala ukwenza umthelela ohlukile: owodwa ube ngcono.