Uhlangothi olumnyama lokuphrinta kwe-3D

Ububanzi bedolobha le-Orbit elintantayo lihlala ama-condos amaningi ahlala imindeni yekusasa. Amakhaya abo ekilasi labasebenzi afaka izinto zikagesi eziphuma ngokushesha ngesivinini sokungena kokudla okusheshayo. Ukhaphethi webhande le-conveyor ungakuholela emshinini, lapho ungakhipha khona ukudla kwakho ngendlela oyithandayo ngokucindezela inkinobho.

Yilokho abadali bekhathuni AmaJets ucabange ukuthi unyaka ka-2062 ufana. Kodwa namuhla, eminyakeni engu-49 ngaphambili ngo-2013, ubuchwepheshe obunjalo sebuvele butholakala. Lokho abakwaJetson abakubiza ngokuthi “I-Space Age Stove,” sikwazi njengephrinta ye-3D. Ikusasa manje - futhi yebo, bayaphrinta ukudla.

Esikhathini esedlule, inkimbinkimbi yokuphrinta ye-3D iphelele ezindlini ezingaphansi zezakhiwo zezakhiwo, izinkampani zokuphrinta kanye nabacebile. Kodwa manje, izinto zokwakha ziba zincane, zishibhile futhi zicwengisiswe kakhulu. Basendleleni yokuthi bafinyeleleke kalula kubathengi abaningi. Kakade, akhona amaphrinta emakethe ngentengo ye-iPhone. Sekusele isikhathi eside ukuthi iqhubeke. 

Kuyinto emisha esezingeni eliphezulu — umshini ongakha noma wenze impinda ngokuphelele cishe noma yini. Zicabange uthatha isitulo osiklame ku-AutoCad futhi uphrinte inguqulo yaso ephelele ngosuku olufanayo noma uskena i-poker chip ukuze uphrinte okwengeziwe uma enye ilahleka nakanjani. Kuyikusasa elihle ukulijabulisa. Kufana nokuba nemboni eyimpinda endaweni enethezekile yendlu yakho. Ubani ongeke afune ukuba umnikazi wephrinta ye-3D?

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungase kuzwakale kumnandi kangakanani, kuneqembu elithile elingajabule kakhulu ngokuthuthuka kokuphrinta kwe-3D - abakhiqizi, abanikazi bamalungelo obunikazi kanye nabanikazi bamalungelo.

Ngokufika kokuphrinta kwe-3D, kuqala iminyaka lapho noma ubani engalanda, abelane futhi adale hhayi nje amafayela edijithali, kodwa nezinto ezibonakalayo. Izinkampani zizokuvimbela kanjani ukwabelwa ngokungemthetho nokunyatheliswa kwempahla yazo ebonakalayo?

Izimo zokuqala zokwephulwa komthetho

Ezandleni zoquqaba, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokwephula impahla yengqondo. Kakade zikhona izimo lapho abantu bathumele imiklamo yabo ye-3D ku-inthanethi, abanye kuphela abakopisha imiklamo yabo ngokungemthetho.

NgoFebhuwari kulo nyaka, u-Fernando Sosa, wenza idokodo le-iPhone elathatha ugqozi lweSihlalo Sensimbi sohlelo lwe-TV Game of Thrones. Ngemva kwezinyanga zokumodela okudabukisayo, ekugcineni wabeka ithempulethi yokuklama eqediwe kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-3D ezithengiswayo kuwebhusayithi yakhe yomuntu siqu. Bekuyisithombe esicishe siphelele sesihlalo esiwuphawu lombusi onamandla endaweni yonke yombukiso, esenziwe ngokuphelele ngezinkemba. Imodeli ibisekelwe ezithombeni ezimile ezithathwe emdlalweni we-TV futhi ibonakala ikude nokulingisa okuqoshwe phansi. USosa wayeziqhenya kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe.  

Kodwa-ke abanikazi be-copyright bathola.

I-HBO, inethiwekhi yethelevishini engabanikazi bamalungelo ochungechunge, ngokushesha yashaya incwadi yokumisa nokuyeka ku-Sosa. Ithi idokodo lephule amalungelo abo ekwakhiweni Kwesihlalo Sobukhosi Sensimbi. Incwadi ifike ngesikhathi soku-oda ngaphambilini, ngaphambi kokuthi kudayiswe ngisho nedokodo elilodwa.  

USosa uthintane ne-HBO mayelana nokuthuthukisa inkontileka yelayisense yesihlalo sobukhosi, kodwa inkampani yathi sekuvele kunelayisensi yomunye umuntu - kodwa ngeke isho ukuthi ubani, futhi ngeke imvumele ukuthi axhumane nabo ukuze babelane ngomklamo.

Elinye icala ngonyaka odlule lalibandakanya abazalwane ababili kanye nemiklamo yabo eshintshiwe yemifanekiso ethile yomdlalo ongaphezulu kwetafula i-Warhammer. Ngalobo busika, uThomas Valenty wathenga i-Makerbot, iphrinta ye-3D engabizi kakhulu eyayingaphrinta ngokushesha izinto zepulasitiki. Besebenzisa imifanekiso ye-Imperial Guard njengesisekelo, badale izingcezu zabo zesitayela se-Warhammer futhi babelana ngemiklamo ku-Thingiverse.com, isayithi elivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babelane futhi badawunilode noma balungise imiklamo yabo yedijithali ukuze abanye bayiphrinte. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi angeke abe yizifanekiso eziqondile ze-Imperial Guards, Games Workshop, ifemu ese-UK engumnikazi we-Warhammer, iwubonile umsebenzi wayo futhi yathumela isaziso sokwehliswa kusayithi, icaphuna uMthetho Welungelo Lobunikazi Lwe-Digital Millennium (DMCA).

Ukugijima emibuthanweni...noma kunjalo?

Ukushesha kwezinkampani ezinkulu ezihlukumeza abaklami besikhashana abancane kukhuluma kakhulu ngokusongela kokuphrinta kwe-3D empahleni yengqondo. Ikhono lokuphindaphinda into lisongela ngokwanele, kodwa lisongela kakhulu uma lihlanganiswa namandla okwabelana angapheli e-inthanethi.

Lo mqondo awuyona into entsha. Akukhona okokuqala ubuchwepheshe obusha buthola ukwamukelwa okufudumele lapho buqalwa. Ukukhipha itheyiphu evimbelayo kube umkhuba kusukela ekudalweni komshini wokuqala wokunyathelisa, okuholele emithethweni emisha yokuhlola nokukhipha amalayisense eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukusakazeka kolwazi.

Imboni yomculo imemezele ukushabalala kwayo ngokuqoshwa kwasekhaya. Futhi okudume kakhulu, uJack Valenti, owayengumongameli we-Motion Picture Association of America, yathi ngo-1982 i-VCR kufanele yenziwe ibengekho emthethweni. Ebufakazini bakhe eNdlu Yabameleli Yase-U.S., uValenti wathi: “Ngithi kini i-VCR iqondiswe kumdidiyeli wamafilimu waseMelika kanye nomphakathi waseMelika njengoba umklinya waseBoston eqondene nowesifazane yedwa ekhaya.”

Kodwa-ke, lezo zinto zisekhona. Imboni yomculo ayifi, futhi iHollywood isakhipha ama-blockbusters ezigidi zamadola unyaka nonyaka. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-VHS iphendukela ku-DVD noma i-CD ishintsha ku-mp3 - izindlela ezintsha zokwabelana nokusabalalisa imidiya ngobuningi - abanikazi bempahla yengqondo bayakhathazeka. Abaningi bathathe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwamalungelo phakathi kwabadali bokuqukethwe kanye nomphakathi kuhlala kumisiwe. Okokuqala, i-World International Property Organisation (WIPO) yethula i-DMCA ngo-1996, isishayamthetho esenza kube ubugebengu izinsiza ezihamba ngezindlela zokuvikela ilungelo lobunikazi bedijithali, ezaziwa nangokuthi Ukuphathwa Kwamalungelo Edijithali (DRM).

I-DMCA yasungulwa ukuze ibhekane nokuqolwa komculo - futhi maduze, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kungase kuthole eyakho i-DMCA. Kodwa ukuthi kunjalo kanjani kusazobonakala.   

Umuntu oke wasebenza futhi wazibonela ngawakhe amandla okuphrinta kwe-3D u-Laurie Mirsky, umqondisi wesitudiyo sokuphrinta nokuklama se-3D esizinze eToronto, i-3DPhactory. Kusukela ekuklameni izinkomishi kuye ekuklameni nasekukhiqizeni onodoli bakudala bango-1920, nakanjani uye wakubona ukusebenza okuhlukahlukene kwalo mshini.

“Kuyindlela entsha; izinto ongazakha azinamkhawulo ngempela,” usho kanje. "Ungakha amamodeli ngokushesha futhi abantu babuza izinto engingakaze ngicabange ngazo."

Umsebenzi omningi owenziwa yinkampani yakhe ukuklama nokuphrinta ama-movie. UMirsky wayengumdidiyeli wefilimu ngaphambi kokufunda ukuphrinta kwe-3D eminyakeni emibili edlule. Njengomuntu oke wasebenza ebhizinisini elithintekile ngenxa yobugebengu, uthi uyazazi izinkinga zamalungelo okushicilela ezingase zilethwe ukuphrinta kwe-3D.

Futhi ukuphrinta izinto ezifana nedokhi ye-iPhone ye-Game of Thrones kuwukungahambeki.  

“Ngeke siphrinte izinto zomunye umuntu,” kusho uMirsky.

Umqondo wale mishini eba yisisulu semithetho nemithetho efanayo ne-inthanethi noma ukuqopha ekhaya awukaqiniseki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umqondo omusha osadinga isikhathi sokuhlolwa emanzini ajwayelekile omthengi, kanti ngakolunye kukhona ukwehlukana phakathi kokwephulwa kwe-copyright kanye nokwephulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi. Umthetho wempahla eqanjiwe uhlukile futhi uyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kunjalo nokusetshenziswa okungaba khona kokuphrinta kwe-3D.

Amalungelo obunikazi kanye namalungelo obunikazi

Ukuklama nokudala izinto zangempela kuzonikeza ukungqubuzana okumbalwa kakhulu nempahla eqanjiwe - futhi imithetho ye-copyright iyavumelana nezimo kulokho. Uma umfundi waseMontreal ebengabhala i-ballad edabukisayo ezwakalisa usizi lwakhe ngokukhokhwa kwemali yokufunda enyuvesi yakhe, umsebenzi wakhe ubungavikelwa ngaphansi kwelungelo lobunikazi. Ngemva konyaka, uma umfundi waseToronto enza into efanayo, engazi ngengoma yokuqala, ukuvikelwa kwe-copyright kuzonikezwa futhi. Imigomo ye-copyright ivumela ukudalwa okuzimele. Yize umsebenzi kumele ube ngowokuqala ukuze uthole i-copyright, awudingi ukuba uhluke emhlabeni.

Ngokwe-Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO), le mithetho ingasetshenziswa kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokuqala yombhalo, amadrama, umculo kanye nobuciko kusukela ezincwadini, amapheshana, umculo, izithombe eziqoshiwe, izithombe nokunye.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-copyright ngokuvamile kuhlala impilo yonke yombhali, futhi iminyaka engama-50 kulandela ukuphela kwalowo nyaka wekhalenda.

Ubukhulu be-copyright namandla ayo phezu kokuphrinta kwe-3D kuyingxenye encane nje yendida enabanikazi bempahla yobuhlakani nabaklami abazimele empini. Nakuba imithetho yelungelo lobunikazi ivimbela ukuphindwaphindwa kwemisebenzi yobuciko ehlukile, imikhawulo iyanda ngokuphindwe kabili lapho ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lobunikazi ziphonswa kungxabano.

Ngokungafani nemithetho ye-copyright, evumela ukudalwa okufanayo, umthetho welungelo lobunikazi awuvumi. Uma inkampani igunyaza okuthile kuqala, noma yiziphi ezinye izinkampani azikwazi ukwenza afanayo.

Futhi kulapho ukuphrinta kwe-3D kuphonsa khona isikrufu ohlelweni. Ngokuvamile ukudalwa kwento kugcinwa kuphela kumalebhu ocwaningo namaqembu okuthuthukisa, futhi umthetho welungelo lobunikazi usebenza kule modeli. Ithimba locwaningo elihlakaniphile lingenza usesho lwelungelo lobunikazi ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo sokulandela ngomklamo.

Kodwa ngokuphrinta kwe-3D onqenqemeni lokusatshalaliswa okukhulu, ukwenza izinto ezikwaziyo ukugunyazwa akusasebenzi esizindeni samaqembu ocwaningo lokusesha ilungelo lobunikazi. Ukukhiqiza nokuqamba okusha — kusezandleni zanoma ubani othenga iphrinta.

Ngokuka-Michael Weinberg, ummeli weqembu elimela inkululeko ye-inthanethi ethi Public Knowledge, lokhu kushintshela endaweni yomphakathi cishe kuzonyusa inani lokuphulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi elimsulwa - izimo lapho abasunguli basemagcekeni bengena bengazi bephule amalungelo obunikazi.

Indalo eyodwa yokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya mancane amathuba okuba iqinisekise incwadi yokuyeka nokuyeka, kodwa uma i-inthanethi isifundise okuthile, iwukuthi sithanda ukwabelana. Umuntu odala umkhiqizo owusizo futhi okahle angase ngomoya omuhle alayishe idizayini yokwabelana, ngenjabulo engazi ukuthi kungenzeka usabalalisa okudaliwe komunye umuntu ngaphandle kwemvume.

Kodwa ngenhlanhla, ngokusho kwe-ICPO, ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lobunikazi kuthatha isikhathi esifushane kakhulu kune-copyright. Ilungelo lobunikazi lizovikelwa isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-20. Ngemva kwalokho, umklamo ungaphakathi kwesizinda somphakathi ukuze usetshenziswe. Futhi inani lezinto ezisunguliwe ezingenalo ilungelo lobunikazi liphezulu kakhulu, okuvumela inani elikhulu le-legroom yabasunguli abasafufusa ukuze banwebe amathani abo okudala.

Ngonyaka odlule, uprofesa waseMelika u-Levin Golan wasebenzisa ukuphrinta kwe-3D ukuze asebenzise amalungelo obunikazi aphelelwe yisikhathi, aphefumulelwe umthombo ongenakwenzeka - amathoyizi endodana yakhe eneminyaka emine ubudala. U-Golan wayefuna ukwenza imoto yokudlala ngezicucu zamasethi amabili ahlukene amathoyizi - Tinkertoys kanye ne-K'Nex, kodwa amasondo e-K'Nex awakwazanga ukunamathisela ohlakeni lwemoto ye-Tinkertoys. Ngemuva konyaka wokuhlela nomfundi wangaphambili, bakha ipulani equkethe ukwakheka kwezingcezu zepulasitiki ezinamathiselwe ezingama-45 ezingaxhumeka kwinani elikhulu lamasethi okwakhiwa kwamathoyizi. Bayibiza ngokuthi i-Free Universal Construction Kit. Njengoba isifinyezo siphakamisa, lokhu akuwona umkhiqizo omncane futhi kuvusa intukuthelo kubanikazi bezakhiwo.

"Kufanele sikhululeke ukusungula ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuphulwa komthetho, izinkokhelo, ukuya ejele noma ukumangalelwa nokuxhashazwa yizimboni ezinkulu," kusho uGolan esihlokweni seForbes ngo-Ephreli nonyaka. "Asifuni ukubona okwenzeka emculweni nasefilimini kudlalwa endaweni yokuma,"

Futhi mhlawumbe uGolan uzothola isifiso sakhe. Ukuphrinta nge-3D, kubonakala, kungaba usizo kakhulu kulezo “zimboni ezinkulu” uma ziboshelwe ngendlela efanele.

Ukukhiqiza Nokusabalalisa

Imvamisa, ngokwenza ama-prototypes nanoma iyiphi into esendleleni eya ekukhiqizweni ngobuningi, uchungechunge lokubuyela emuva naphambili phakathi kwabaklami nezinkampani ezikhiqizayo kuzodingeka lwenziwe. Ukuphrinta nge-3D kulula kakhulu le nqubo ngokudala idizayini kukhompuyutha, bese uyiphrinta ngosuku olufanayo.

Ngokombono ka-Mirsky, lesi isinyathelo esisendleleni efanele. Ngokunqamula utshalomali olwengeziwe ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza, ezingabandakanyi ukuklama kuphela, kodwa ekuhloleni nasekusabalaliseni, empeleni kungasiza ukugcoba umnotho ngezinkampani ezincane ezidinga imali encane ukuze ziqale. Imakethe eqhudelana kakhulu ingadalwa, futhi kukhona amathuba emisebenzi eyengeziwe evulelwa abaklami noma ukunakekelwa kwamaphrinta e-3D.

Futhi uMirsky uthi akakholelwa ukuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D kuzoletha umonakalo omkhulu embonini yokukhiqiza. Yize ukuphrinta kwe-3D kuzoba nengxenye ekunciphiseni imboni yokukhiqiza, uthi, akuyona yonke into engaphrintwa ezokwazi ukufinyelela kubo bonke abathengi.

Kunodaba lwezindleko kanye nombuzo wokuthi amaphrinta e-3D ebanga labathengi angaba yinkimbinkimbi kangakanani.

“Njengamanje iphrinta yasekhaya abantu abaya kuyo yi-Makerbot,” kusho uMirsky. “Kuningi elingakwenza, kodwa kuningi elingakwazi ukukwenza. Kukhona ukulinganiselwa ekwakheni nasekwakheni. Cabanga ngenani lokungena lika-$2,200 wamadola kanye nezinto zokwakha. Akushibhile.

“Futhi, uma ubheka i-Thingiverse namamodeli futhi ubheka ubunkimbinkimbi bezingxenye, imiklamo eminingi iyisisekelo, iqondile. Okwamanje ngeke kuthathe indawo yokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu. ”

Futhi ukudala nokuhlela  umklamo we-3D akulula njengokuhlela isithombe ku-Photoshop noma i-iPhoto. Isoftware yokuklama ileveli yabathengi ilinganiselwe kulokho engakwazi ukuyiklama - ngokuyisisekelo izinto ezinokwakheka okulula, ukuhlanganisa, nosayizi. Isofthiwe yokuklama eyinkimbinkimbi ayiyona nje izindleko ezinkulu, idinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ukuze isetshenziswe ngempumelelo.

Eqinisweni, uMirsky uthi ubona ukusetshenziswa kwamaphrinta asekhaya e-3D njengendlela yokusabalalisa ngokuphumelelayo izingxenye ezishintshayo zemikhiqizo esivele ithengiwe. Esikhundleni sokulinda into ethengwe ku-inthanethi ukuthi ithunyelwe, ungavele uthenge ifayela elilandekayo bese uliphrinta ngokushesha. Ngokuvamile, umthetho welungelo lobunikazi awukhawuli ukwenziwa kwezingxenye ezishintshayo.

Ikusasa elingaqinisekile

NgoJanuwari kulo nyaka, u-Weinberg wabhala leli phepha, "Kuzoba Kuhle Uma Bengakukulungi," ukubheka ikusasa lokuphrinta kwe-3D maqondana nomthetho wempahla yengqondo. Ubalula isibonelo soshintsho lwemithetho engase lube khona esikhathini esizayo: Ukwandisa lokho okuhlanganisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho.

Ukuba nefayela lokuklama kukhompuyutha yakho, usebenzisa isayithi elibamba lawa mafayela edizayini, noma yini enikeza abasebenzisi ukufinyelela okulula ukuze bakopishe izinto ezivikelwe - kufana nokuqhekeka kumasayithi e-bit torrent, lezo zinto zingase zephule amacala, kubhala u-Weinberg. Ukumangalela abakhiqizi bephrinta ye-3D ngezizathu zokuthi bahlinzeka ngezindlela zokwenza amakhophi kungenzeka ngokuphelele.

Kodwa naphezu kwekusasa elimnyama u-Weinberg abonakala elibikezela, uMirsky, ovela embonini ehlala “ehlukunyezwa” ngokwabelana ngamafayela okungekho emthethweni, usamile enkambweni yokubona lobu buchwepheshe obusha buhlala buvulekile futhi bunobulungiswa njengoba bungaba njalo - kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.

Wathi uMirsky: “Noma nini lapho uvumela abantu ukuthi bakhe, kuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha.”