Makhalidwe abwino: Njira yopusitsa pakati pa kupulumutsa ndi kulenga miyoyo

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• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• August 25, 2022

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Cloning tsopano ndi njira yeniyeni mu mankhwala, makamaka pochiza matenda ndi kupanga ziwalo, koma zimadzutsa mafunso okhudza makhalidwe abwino. Pakufunika zokambilana zokhuza asayansi, akatswiri a zamakhalidwe, ndi anthu kuti afotokoze zomwe zili zovomerezeka popanga kafukufuku wa cloning. Tsogolo la kupanga ma cloning likhoza kukhala ndi malamulo osinthika, kuyankhulana kowonjezereka, ndi mikangano yokhudza ntchito yake pagulu, kuyambira pakuika ziwalo kupita ku lingaliro la makanda opangidwa.

Nkhani ya Cloning Ethics

Cloning, yomwe kale inali lingaliro lazopeka za sayansi, tsopano ikuwoneka ngati njira yothandiza yomwe ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu mu sayansi ya zamankhwala, makamaka pochiritsa matenda obadwa nawo komanso kupereka ziwalo zathanzi. Kupangidwa kwa 2021 kwa miluza yosakanikirana ya anyani aumunthu ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha kupita patsogolo kumeneku. Kuyesera kumeneku, makamaka komwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga njira zatsopano zopatsira chiwalo, kwadzetsa nkhawa zambiri. Malinga ndi a Kirstin Matthews ochokera ku Rice University's Baker Institute, funso lofunika kwambiri likukhudzana ndi kufunikira ndi cholinga cha kuyesa kotereku, kuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa kumvetsetsa kwa anthu ndi kukambirana pazantchito zapamwamba zasayansi izi.

Mtsutso wokhudzana ndi kupambana kwasayansi uku sikungoyang'ana luso lake lokha komanso pamalingaliro ake. Othandizira monga Insoo Hyun wochokera ku Case Western Reserve University ndi Harvard University amakhulupirira kuti kafukufukuyu angakhale chizindikiro cha chiyembekezo kwa zikwi zambiri zomwe zikuyembekezera kuikidwa ziwalo, zomwe zingathe kupulumutsa miyoyo yambiri. M'malo mwake, kusowa kwa malangizo omveka bwino ndi zokambirana zapagulu za malire a makhalidwe abwino a zoyesera zoterezi zimakhala ndi vuto lalikulu. 

Kuyang'ana m'tsogolo, ndikofunikira kuti kukambirana mozama kuchitike, osati kokha asayansi ndi akatswiri a zamakhalidwe komanso anthu onse. Kukambiranaku kuyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa mgwirizano pa zomwe ndi zovomerezeka pakuphatikiza kafukufuku, poganizira zonse zomwe zingapindule komanso zovuta zamakhalidwe. Ndikofunikira kuti aliyense wokhudzidwa azikhala wodziwa komanso kuchita nawo gawo lomwe likupita patsogolo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje oterowo kumatsogozedwa ndi luntha la sayansi komanso udindo wamakhalidwe. 

Zosokoneza

Pankhani ya cloning, nkhani zingapo zamakhalidwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Kupangana kungapangitse kuti pakhale ma chimera, zolengedwa zokhala ndi chibadwa chamitundu iwiri yosiyana. Ma Chimera amadzutsa nkhawa chifukwa amatha kukhala ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu ndi nyama, ndipo sizikudziwika bwino kuti zolengedwa zotere zikanakhala zotani. Pali kale kuswana kosagwirizana, monga mikango (mikango yoberekedwa ndi akambuku), yomwe imabweretsa mavuto a thanzi komanso moyo wochepa. Kuonjezera apo, cloning ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinyama zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi zinyama zina, zomwe zingayambitse kudyetsedwa ndi kuzunzidwa kwa nyama. Cloning imadzutsanso nkhani za chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, popeza ma clones sangakhale ndi chonena pakupanga kwawo.

Nkhani ina ndikugwiritsa ntchito cloning pofuna kuchiza. Ngakhale kuti tsinde maselo otengedwa kuchokera ku mazira opangidwa amatha kuchiza matenda osiyanasiyana, pali nkhawa zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe abwino ogwiritsira ntchito mazira opangidwa ndi mazira kuti achite izi. Ndi njira zina monga induced pluripotent stem cell (maselo omwe atha kudzipangira okha) omwe alipo, sizikudziwika chifukwa chake kupanga nyama kapena anthu kukufunika mwachangu pakadali pano.

Pomaliza, pali funso la eugenics ndi makanda opanga. Kodi pali chifukwa chomveka chofunira mitundu ina ya maselo kukhala ofunika kuposa ena pamene onse ali athanzi mofanana? Kodi makolo amene amaika ana awo ndalama za uinjiniya ndi zolinga zamtengo wapatali—mwachitsanzo, kukongola kumene anasankha, kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, kukhoza bwino m’maganizo ndi m’thupi—amalingaliridwa kukhala chinyengo, chinyengo, kapena kusagwirizana ndi makhalidwe abwino? Kodi zotulukapo za “kupanganso” pulojekiti yophatikizana ndi zotani pamene maselo akulephera kutulutsa zomwe akufuna? 

Zotsatira za cloning ethics 

Zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi machitidwe a cloning zingaphatikizepo: 

• Bioethicists, kapena akatswiri omwe amasanthula zisankho zachipatala potengera chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi makhalidwe abwino, akulembedwa mochulukira kuti afufuze za kafukufuku wa cloning ndi mayeso oyendetsa ndege.
• Kuchulukitsa kuzindikira ndi kufunikira kwa makanda opangidwa ndi opanga, makolo omwe ali okonzeka kulipirira mikhalidwe/zinthu zina. 
• Maboma ogwirizana ndi mabungwe ochita kafukufuku ndi othandizira azaumoyo kuti apange malamulo ndi ndondomeko za machitidwe a cloning.
• Malamulo omwe alipo akufunika kusinthidwa kuti aphatikize ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi nyama. Malamulo atsopano adzayeneranso kupangidwa kuti afotokoze momwe anthu opangidwa ndi makhalidwe apamwamba angatengere mbali pagulu; Mwachitsanzo, kodi ana amisiri amene ali ndi luso lapamwamba lothamanga adzaloledwa kutenga nawo mbali m’maseŵera ndi mipikisano ina?
• Magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe akukankhira m'mbuyo motsutsana ndi kusagwirizana chifukwa mchitidwewu ukhoza kulimbikitsa kusalingana ndi tsankho kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zilema (ngakhale opanda).
• Kafukufuku wochulukira wa momwe cloning ingathandizire kuthamangitsa chiwalo kuti asinthe.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Ndi zinthu zina ziti zomwe muyenera kuziwunikira pokambirana za zotsatira za cloning?
• Kodi maboma angayang'anire bwanji kafukufuku wopangidwa kuti awonetsetse kuti akukhalabe oyenera?