Quantumrun

ZITHUNZI CREDIT: Quantumrun

GMOs vs superfoods | Tsogolo la Chakudya P3

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
LinkedIn

Lachiwiri, 09/15/2020 - 08:16

Anthu ambiri adzadana ndi gawo lachitatu ili la tsogolo lathu lazakudya. Ndipo choyipa kwambiri ndi chifukwa chake hatorade iyi idzakhala yokhudzidwa kwambiri kuposa kudziwitsidwa. Koma tsoka, zonse zomwe zili pansipa ziyenera kunenedwa, ndipo ndinu olandiridwa kuti muwotche gawo la ndemanga pansipa.

M'magawo awiri oyamba a mndandanda uno, mwaphunzira momwe nkhonya imodzi-iwiri ya kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuchulukana kwa anthu kudzathandizira kuperewera kwa chakudya m'tsogolo komanso kusakhazikika komwe kungachitike m'madera omwe akutukuka padziko lapansi. Koma tsopano tisintha masinthidwe ndikuyamba kukambirana njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe asayansi, alimi, ndi maboma adzagwiritse ntchito zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi kuti apulumutse dziko ku njala - ndipo mwina, kutipulumutsa tonse kudziko lamdima lamtsogolo. kusadya masamba.

Chifukwa chake tiyeni tiyambire ndi zilembo zitatu zowopsa: GMO.

Kodi Ma Genetic Modified Organisms ndi chiyani?

Zamoyo zosinthidwa ma genetic (GMOs) ndi zomera kapena nyama zomwe ma genetic ake adasinthidwa ndi zowonjezera zatsopano, zophatikizika, ndi kuchuluka kwake pogwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta zophikira zopanga ma genetic. Ndi ndondomeko yolembanso buku lophikira la moyo ndi cholinga chopanga zomera zatsopano kapena zinyama zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe enieni komanso ofunafuna (kapena zokonda, ngati tikufuna kumamatira ku fanizo lathu lophika). Ndipo takhala tiri mu izi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Ndipotu anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito majini kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Makolo athu ankagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa selective breeding kumene ankatenga zomera zakutchire n’kuziweta ndi zomera zina. Pambuyo pakukula nyengo zingapo zaulimi, zomera zakuthengo zophatikizanazi zidasandulika kukhala zoweta zomwe timakonda ndikudya lero. M’mbuyomu, ntchitoyi inkatenga zaka zambiri, ndipo nthawi zina mibadwo ingathe—ndipo zonsezi zinkapanga zomera zooneka bwino, zokometsera bwino, zopirira chilala komanso zokolola zambiri.

Mfundo zomwezi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa nyama. Zomwe kale zinali ma aurochs (ng'ombe zakutchire) zinali zaka zingapo zapitazo ku Holstein ng'ombe ya mkaka yomwe imatulutsa mkaka wambiri womwe timamwa lero. Ndipo nkhumba zakutchire, zidawetedwa mu nkhumba zomwe zili pamwamba pa ma burgers ndi nyama yankhumba yokoma.

Komabe, ndi ma GMOs, asayansi amasankha njira yoswanayi ndikuwonjezera mafuta a rocket kusakaniza, phindu ndiloti mitundu yatsopano ya zomera imapangidwa pasanathe zaka ziwiri. (Zinyama za GMO sizikufalikira chifukwa cha malamulo olemera omwe amaikidwa pa iwo, komanso chifukwa cha ma genome awo ndi ovuta kwambiri kuti agwirizane ndi ma genome a zomera, koma pakapita nthawi adzakhala ofala kwambiri.) Nathanael Johnson wa Grist analemba chidule chachikulu cha sayansi kumbuyo kwa zakudya za GMO ngati mukufuna kuphunzira; koma kawirikawiri, ma GMO amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ena osiyanasiyana ndipo adzakhudza kwambiri moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi.

Anapachika pa rep woipa

Taphunzitsidwa ndi atolankhani kuti tikhulupirire kuti ma GMO ndi oyipa ndipo amapangidwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu, audierekezi omwe amangofuna kupanga ndalama movutitsa alimi kulikonse. Zokwanira kunena, ma GMO ali ndi vuto la zithunzi. Ndipo kunena chilungamo, zina mwazifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kuti woyimilira woyipayu akhale wovomerezeka.

Asayansi ena komanso kuchuluka kwa zakudya zapadziko lonse lapansi sakhulupirira kuti ma GMO ndi abwino kudya pakapita nthawi. Ena amafika poganiza kuti kudya zakudya zimenezi kungayambitse ziwengo mwa anthu.

Palinso nkhawa zenizeni zachilengedwe mozungulira ma GMO. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, zomera zambiri za GMO zinapangidwa kuti zisawonongeke ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi herbicides. Mwachitsanzo, zimenezi zinkathandiza alimi kupopera mankhwala ophera udzu m’minda yawo mowolowa manja kuti aphe udzu popanda kupha mbewu zawo. Koma patapita nthawi, zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale udzu watsopano wosamva mankhwala ophera udzu womwe unkafunika kumwa mankhwala akupha akupha. Sikuti poizoniyu amalowa m'nthaka komanso chilengedwe chonse, komanso chifukwa chake muyenera kutsuka zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba musanadye!

Palinso ngozi yeniyeni ya zomera ndi zinyama za GMO zothawira kuthengo, zomwe zingathe kusokoneza zachilengedwe m'njira zosayembekezereka kulikonse kumene zingapezeke.

Pomaliza, kusamvetsetsa komanso kudziwa za ma GMO kumapitilizidwa ndi opanga zinthu za GMO. Kuyang'ana ku US, mayiko ambiri samalemba ngati chakudya chogulitsidwa m'magolosale ndi mankhwala a GMO mokwanira kapena pang'ono. Kusowa poyera kumeneku kumawonjezera kusadziwa pakati pa anthu onse pankhaniyi, ndipo kumachepetsa ndalama zopindulitsa komanso kuthandizira sayansi yonse.

Ma GMO adzadya dziko lapansi

Pazakudya zonse zoyipa za GMO zimapeza, 60 kwa 70 peresenti Zakudya zomwe timadya lero zili kale ndi zinthu za GMO pang'onopang'ono kapena mokwanira, malinga ndi Bill Freese wa Center for Food Safety, bungwe lodana ndi GMO. Sizovuta kukhulupirira mukaganizira kuti wowuma wa chimanga wa GMO wopangidwa ndi soya amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zamasiku ano. Ndipo m'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, chiwerengerochi chidzakwera.

Koma monga tikuwerenga mu gawo loyamba mndandandawu, mitundu yowerengeka ya zomera zomwe timalima pamakampani amatha kukhala ma divas zikafika pamikhalidwe yomwe ikufunika kuti ikule mokwanira. Nyengo imene amamera singakhale yotentha kwambiri kapena yozizira kwambiri, ndipo amafunikira madzi okwanira. Koma ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kukubwera, tikulowa m’dziko limene lidzakhala lotentha kwambiri komanso louma kwambiri. Tikulowa m'dziko lomwe tiwona kuchepa kwa chakudya padziko lonse lapansi ndi 18 peresenti (chifukwa cha minda yochepa yoyenera kulima mbewu), monga momwe timafunikira kupanga chakudya chochulukirapo ndi 50 peresenti kuti tikwaniritse zosowa zakukula kwathu. chiwerengero cha anthu. Ndipo mitundu ya zomera zomwe tikulima lero, ambiri aiwo sangathe kuthana ndi zovuta zamawa.

Mwachidule, timafunikira mitundu yatsopano ya zomera zodyedwa zomwe zimalimbana ndi matenda, zolimbana ndi tizilombo, zothana ndi herbicide, zosamva chilala, saline (madzi amchere), zololera kuzizira kwambiri, komanso kukula bwino, kupereka zakudya zambiri ( mavitamini), ndipo mwinanso kukhala opanda gluteni. (Kumbali ina, kodi kusalolera kwa gilateni ndi imodzi mwamikhalidwe yoyipa kwambiri? Taganizirani za mikate yokoma ndi makeke omwe anthuwa sangadye. Zachisoni kwambiri.)

Zitsanzo za zakudya za GMO zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chenicheni zitha kuwoneka padziko lonse lapansi-zitsanzo zitatu zachangu:

Ku Uganda, nthochi ndi gawo lalikulu lazakudya zaku Uganda (anthu ambiri aku Uganda amadya kilogalamu imodzi patsiku) ndipo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa kwambiri mdziko muno. Koma m’chaka cha 2001, matenda a bacteria a wilt anafalikira m’madera ambiri a dzikolo, n’kupha anthu ambiri theka la zokolola za nthochi ku Uganda. Mkwiyo udalekeka pomwe bungwe la National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) la ku Uganda linapanga nthochi ya GMO yomwe inali ndi jini ya tsabola wobiriwira; jini imeneyi imayambitsa mtundu wa chitetezo cha m'thupi mkati mwa nthochi, kupha maselo omwe ali ndi kachilombo kuti apulumutse mbewu.

Ndiye pali spud wodzichepetsa. Mbatata imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pazakudya zathu zamakono, koma mtundu watsopano wa mbatata ungatsegule nyengo yatsopano yopangira chakudya. Panopa, peresenti 98 a madzi a dziko lapansi ali ndi mchere (mchere), 50 peresenti ya nthaka yaulimi ikuwopsezedwa ndi madzi amchere, ndipo anthu 250 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi amakhala pa nthaka yopanda mchere, makamaka m’maiko osatukuka. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa mbewu zambiri sizitha kumera m'madzi amchere - mpaka gulu la Asayansi achi Dutch adapanga mbatata yoyamba yolekerera mchere. Izi zitha kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu m'maiko ngati Pakistan ndi Bangladesh, komwe zigawo zazikulu za kusefukira kwamadzi ndi madzi am'nyanja zomwe zili ndi madzi a m'nyanja zitha kupangidwanso kulima.

Pomaliza, Rubisco. Dzina lodabwitsa, lomveka la ku Italy lotsimikizika, koma ndi limodzi mwazinthu zopatulika za sayansi ya zomera. Ichi ndi puloteni yomwe ili chinsinsi cha photosynthesis m'zamoyo zonse za zomera; kwenikweni ndi mapuloteni omwe amasintha CO2 kukhala shuga. Asayansi apeza njira onjezerani mphamvu ya mapuloteniwa kotero kuti imasintha mphamvu zambiri za dzuwa kukhala shuga. Mwa kukonza enzyme imodzi ya mbewuyi, titha kukulitsa zokolola zapadziko lonse za mbewu monga tirigu ndi mpunga ndi 60 peresenti, zonse zokhala ndi minda yochepa komanso feteleza wocheperako.

Kukwera kwa biology yopangira

Choyamba, panali kuswana kosankha, kenaka kunabwera ma GMO, ndipo posachedwa chilango chatsopano chidzabwera m'malo mwa onse awiri: biology yopanga. Kumene kuswana kosankha kumaphatikizapo anthu kusewera eHarmony ndi zomera ndi nyama, komanso kumene GMO genetic engineering imaphatikizapo kukopera, kudula, ndi kumata majini amodzi m'magulu atsopano, biology yopanga ndi sayansi yopanga majini ndi zingwe zonse za DNA kuyambira pachiyambi. Izi zidzakhala zosintha masewera.

Chifukwa chomwe asayansi ali ndi chiyembekezo chokhudza sayansi yatsopanoyi ndichifukwa ipanga biology ya mamolekyulu kukhala ofanana ndi uinjiniya wanthawi zonse, pomwe muli ndi zida zodziwikiratu zomwe zitha kusonkhanitsidwa m'njira zodziwikiratu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamene sayansi iyi ikukula, sipadzakhalanso zongopeka za momwe timasinthira midadada ya moyo. Kwenikweni, idzapatsa sayansi kulamulira kotheratu pa chilengedwe, mphamvu yomwe mwachiwonekere idzakhudza kwambiri sayansi yonse ya zamoyo, makamaka m'zaumoyo. M'malo mwake, msika wa biology yopanga ukuyembekezeka kukula mpaka $ 38.7 biliyoni pofika 2020.

Koma kubwerera ku chakudya. Ndi biology yopanga, asayansi azitha kupanga mitundu yatsopano yazakudya kapena kupotoza kwatsopano pazakudya zomwe zilipo kale. Mwachitsanzo, Muufri, woyambitsa Silicon Valley, akugwira ntchito pa mkaka wopanda nyama. Momwemonso, kuyambitsa kwina, Solazyme, kukupanga ufa wopangidwa ndi algae, ufa wa protein, ndi mafuta a kanjedza. Zitsanzozi ndi zina zidzafufuzidwa mopitirira muyeso mu gawo lomaliza la mndandanda uno pamene tikambirana momwe zakudya zanu zamtsogolo zidzawonekera.

Koma dikirani, nanga bwanji Superfoods?

Tsopano ndi nkhani yonseyi yokhudzana ndi zakudya za GMO ndi Franken, ndibwino kungotenga mphindi imodzi kuti mutchule gulu latsopano lazakudya zapamwamba zomwe zonse ndi zachilengedwe.

Pofika lero, tili ndi zomera zodyedwa zoposa 50,000 padziko lapansi, komabe timangodya zochepa chabe. Ndizomveka mwanjira ina, pongoyang'ana mitundu yochepa ya zomera, titha kukhala akatswiri pakupanga kwawo ndikukulitsa pamlingo. Koma kudalira mitundu ingapo ya zomera izi kumapangitsanso ulimi wathu kukhala pachiwopsezo cha matenda osiyanasiyana komanso kukwera kwakukula kwa kusintha kwa nyengo.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake, monga wolinganiza wabwino aliyense wazachuma angakuuzeni, kuti titeteze thanzi lathu lamtsogolo, tifunika kusiyanasiyana. Tidzafunika kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe timadya. Mwamwayi, tikuwona kale zitsanzo za mitundu yatsopano ya zomera ikulandiridwa pamsika. Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu ndi quinoa, njere ya Andes yomwe kutchuka kwake kwaphulika m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Koma chimene chinapangitsa quinoa kutchuka kwambiri si kuti ndi yatsopano, ndi chifukwa chakuti imakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, imakhala ndi fiber kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mbewu zina zambiri, ilibe gluten, ndipo ili ndi mavitamini ambiri ofunika omwe thupi lathu limafunikira. Ndicho chifukwa chake amatengedwa ngati chakudya chapamwamba. Kuposa pamenepo, ndi chakudya chapamwamba chomwe chakhala chochepa kwambiri, ngati chilipo, kusinthidwa kwa majini.

M'tsogolomu, zambiri mwazakudya zapamwambazi zomwe zidadziwika kale zidzalowa pamsika wathu. Zomera ngati fonio, chimanga cha Kumadzulo kwa Africa chomwe mwachibadwa sichimva chilala, chopanda mapuloteni, chopanda gilateni, ndipo chimafuna fetereza wochepa. Komanso ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zomwe zikukula mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimakhwima pakatha milungu isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu ndi itatu. Panthawiyi, ku Mexico, njere yotchedwa amaranth imagonjetsedwa ndi chilala, kutentha kwambiri, ndi matenda, komanso imakhala ndi mapuloteni komanso opanda gluten. Zomera zina zomwe mungamve mzaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi ndi izi: mapira, manyuchi, mpunga wakuthengo, teff, farro, khorasan, einkorn, emmer, ndi zina.

Agri-future wosakanizidwa wokhala ndi zowongolera zachitetezo

Ndiye tili ndi ma GMO ndi zakudya zapamwamba, zomwe zidzapambane pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi? Kunena zowona, m’tsogolo mudzawona kusakanikirana kwa zonse ziŵiri. Superfoods idzakulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazakudya zathu ndikuteteza zaulimi padziko lonse lapansi kuti zisapitirire mwaukadaulo, pomwe ma GMO adzateteza zakudya zathu zachikhalidwe kumadera ovuta kwambiri kusintha kwanyengo komwe kudzadze m'zaka zikubwerazi.

Koma kumapeto kwa tsiku, ndi ma GMO omwe timadandaula nawo. Pamene tikulowa m'dziko limene biology yopangira (synbio) idzakhala njira yaikulu yopangira GMO, maboma amtsogolo adzayenera kuvomerezana pa njira zoyenera zotetezera sayansiyi popanda kulepheretsa chitukuko chake pazifukwa zopanda nzeru. Kuyang'ana zamtsogolo, zodzitchinjiriza izi zitha kuphatikiza:

Kulola kuyesa kumunda koyendetsedwa pamitundu yatsopano ya mbewu za synbio asanayambe ulimi wawo wofala. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuyesa mbewu zatsopanozi m'mafamu oyima, mobisa, kapena kutentha komwe kumayendetsedwa m'mafamu am'nyumba omwe amatha kutengera bwino momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira.

Chitetezo chaumisiri (ngati n'kotheka) mu majini a zomera za synbio zomwe zidzakhale ngati kupha, kotero kuti sangathe kukula kunja kwa madera omwe aloledwa kukula. The sayansi kuseri kwa jini yakupha iyi tsopano ndi yeniyeni, ndipo ikhoza kuthetsa mantha a zakudya za synbio zomwe zimathawira kumalo ambiri m'njira zosayembekezereka.

Kuchulukitsa kwandalama ku mabungwe oyang'anira chakudya mdziko muno kuti awonenso bwino mazana ambiri, posachedwa masauzande, a zomera ndi nyama zatsopano za synbio zomwe zidzapangidwe kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pamalonda, popeza ukadaulo wa synbio umakhala wotsika mtengo pofika kumapeto kwa 2020s.

Zatsopano komanso zosasinthasintha zapadziko lonse lapansi, malamulo ozikidwa pa sayansi pa chilengedwe, ulimi ndi kugulitsa zomera ndi zinyama za synbio, kumene kuvomerezedwa kwa malonda awo kumachokera ku makhalidwe a moyo watsopanowu m'malo mwa njira yomwe anapangidwira. Malamulowa adzayendetsedwa ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe maiko omwe ali mamembala amapereka ndalama ndipo athandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti malonda a synbio chakudya atumizidwa kunja.

Kuwonekera. Mwina iyi ndiye mfundo yofunika kwambiri kuposa zonse. Kuti anthu avomereze ma GMO kapena zakudya za synbio mwanjira iliyonse, makampani omwe amawapanga amayenera kuyika ndalama mowonekera bwino - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pofika kumapeto kwa 2020s, zakudya zonse zidzalembedwa molondola ndi tsatanetsatane wa GM kapena synbio. Ndipo pamene kufunikira kwa mbewu za synbio kukwera, tiyamba kuwona ndalama zogulitsira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa ogula za thanzi ndi chilengedwe cha zakudya za synbio. Cholinga cha ndawala ya PR iyi chidzakhala kuchititsa anthu kukambirana momveka bwino za zakudya za synbio popanda kugwiritsa ntchito "palibe wina aliyense chonde ganizirani za ana" mfundo zomwe zimakana sayansi kwathunthu.

Ndi zimenezotu. Tsopano inu mukudziwa zambiri za dziko la GMOs ndi superfoods, ndi gawo iwo atiteteza ife ku tsogolo kumene kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mavuto a anthu akuopseza kupezeka kwa chakudya padziko lonse. Ngati ziyendetsedwa bwino, mbewu za GMO ndi zakudya zapamwamba zakale pamodzi zitha kulola kuti anthu athawenso msampha waku Malthusian womwe umabweretsa mutu woyipa kwambiri zaka zilizonse. Koma kukhala ndi zakudya zatsopano komanso zabwinoko zolima sizitanthauza kanthu ngati sitisamaliranso momwe ulimi ulili, ndichifukwa chake gawo linayi za tsogolo lathu la mndandanda wa zakudya udzayang'ana pa minda ndi alimi a mawa.