Quantumrun

ZITHUNZI CREDIT: Quantumrun

Kusintha kwa digito yosungirako: Tsogolo la Makompyuta P3

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
LinkedIn

Lachiwiri, 09/15/2020 - 15:43

Ambiri a inu mukuwerenga izi mwina mukukumbukira odzichepetsa floppy disk ndipo ndi olimba 1.44 MB litayamba danga. Ena a inu mwina munkachitira nsanje mnzakeyo pamene adakwapula choyendetsa chala chachikulu cha USB, chokhala ndi malo owopsa a 8MB, panthawi yantchito yasukulu. Masiku ano, matsenga apita, ndipo takhala okhumudwa. Memory terabyte imodzi imabwera yokhazikika pama desktops ambiri a 2018-ndipo Kingston amagulitsa ma drive a USB a terabyte tsopano.

Kukonda kwathu kosungirako kumakula chaka ndi chaka pamene timagwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga zinthu zambiri pakompyuta, kaya ndi lipoti la sukulu, chithunzi chaulendo, nyimbo zosakaniza za gulu lanu, kapena kanema wa GoPro wosonyeza kuti mukusewera pansi Whistler. Zochitika zina monga Internet of Zinthu zomwe zikubwera zidzangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa deta zomwe dziko limapanga, ndikuwonjezera mafuta a rocket pakufunika kosungirako digito.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake kukambirana za kusunga deta bwino, ife posachedwapa anaganiza kusintha mutu uwu pogawanika pawiri. Theka ili lidzaphimba luso lamakono mu kusungirako deta ndi zotsatira zake pa ogula pafupifupi digito. Pakali pano, mutu wotsatira udzafotokoza za kusintha kwa mitambo mumtambo.

Zatsopano zosungirako deta zikubwera

(TL; DR - Gawo lotsatirali likufotokoza zaukadaulo watsopano womwe upangitsa kuti deta yokulirapo isungidwe pama drive ang'onoang'ono komanso osungika bwino. Ngati simusamala zaukadaulo, koma m'malo mwake mukufuna kuwerenga zambiri zomwe zikuchitika komanso zomwe zimachitika posungira deta, ndiye tikupangira kuti mulumphe mutu waung'ono wotsatira.)

Ambiri a inu mudamvapo kale za Chilamulo cha Moore (chiwonetsero chakuti kuchuluka kwa ma transistors mugawo lophatikizika lophatikizika kumawirikiza pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zilizonse), koma kumbali yosungiramo bizinesi yamakompyuta, tili ndi Kryder's Law-kwenikweni, kuthekera kwathu kufinya. kuchulukirachulukira pakuchepa kwa ma hard drive akuchulukiranso kuwirikiza pafupifupi miyezi 18 iliyonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu yemwe adawononga $1,500 kwa 5MB zaka 35 zapitazo tsopano atha kugwiritsa ntchito $600 pagalimoto ya 6TB.

Uku ndikupitilira patsogolo, ndipo sikuyima posachedwa.

Mndandanda wotsatirawu ndi chithunzithunzi chachidule cha zatsopano zomwe opanga makina osungiramo zinthu zakale adzagwiritse ntchito kukhutiritsa gulu lathu lokonda kusungirako.

Ma hard disks abwino. Mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2020, opanga apitiliza kupanga ma hard disk achikhalidwe (HDD), ndikunyamula makumbukidwe ambiri mpaka sitingathenso kupanga ma hard disk olimba. Njira zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zitsogolere zaka khumi zomaliza zaukadaulo wa HDD zikuphatikiza Kujambula kwa Magnetic Shingled (SMR), yotsatiridwa ndi Kujambulira kwa Magnetic Awiri-Dimensional (TDMR), ndipo mwina Kujambula kwa Magnetic kothandizidwa ndi kutentha (HAMR).

Ma hard drive amtundu wokhazikika. M'malo mwa hard disk drive yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa ndi hard state hard drive (SATA SSD). Mosiyana ndi ma HDD, ma SSD alibe ma diski ozungulira - kwenikweni, alibe magawo aliwonse osuntha. Izi zimalola ma SSD kuti azigwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri, pamiyeso yaying'ono, komanso molimba kwambiri kuposa omwe adawatsogolera. Ma SSD ndi omwe ali kale pama laputopu amakono ndipo pang'onopang'ono akukhala zida zokhazikika pamitundu yatsopano yamakompyuta. Ndipo ngakhale poyamba anali okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa ma HDD, awo mtengo ukutsika mofulumira kuposa HDDs, kutanthauza kuti malonda awo atha kupitilira ma HDD pofika pakati pa 2020s.

Ma SSD a m'badwo wotsatira akuyambitsidwanso pang'onopang'ono, opanga akusintha kuchokera ku SATA SSDs kupita ku PCIe SSDs omwe ali ndi kasanu ndi kamodzi ka bandwidth ya SATA ndikukula.

Kukumbukira kwa Flash kumapita ku 3D. Koma ngati liwiro ndilo cholinga, palibe chomwe chimapambana kusunga zonse mu kukumbukira.

Ma HDD ndi ma SSD angayerekezedwe ndi kukumbukira kwanu kwakanthawi, pomwe flash imafanana kwambiri ndi kukumbukira kwanu kwakanthawi kochepa. Ndipo monganso ubongo wanu, kompyuta nthawi zambiri imafunikira mitundu yonse iwiri yosungira kuti igwire ntchito. Zomwe zimatchedwa kukumbukira mwachisawawa (RAM), makompyuta achikhalidwe amakonda kubwera ndi ndodo ziwiri za RAM pa 4 mpaka 8GB iliyonse. Pakadali pano, omenyera olemera kwambiri ngati Samsung tsopano akugulitsa makhadi okumbukira a 2.5D omwe amakhala ndi 128GB iliyonse-zodabwitsa kwa ochita masewera olimba, koma othandiza kwambiri pamakompyuta apamwamba am'badwo wotsatira.

Vuto lomwe lili ndi makhadi okumbukirawa ndikuti akukumana ndi zovuta zomwe ma hard disk akukumana nazo. Choipa kwambiri, ma transistors ang'onoang'ono amakhala mkati mwa RAM, momwe amachitira moyipira pakapita nthawi - ma transistors amakhala ovuta kufufuta ndikulemba molondola, pamapeto pake amagunda khoma la magwiridwe antchito omwe amawakakamiza kuti alowe m'malo ndi ndodo zatsopano za RAM. Poganizira izi, makampani ayamba kupanga makhadi am'badwo wotsatira:

3D NAND. Makampani monga Intel, Samsung, Micron, Hynix, ndi Taiwan Semiconductor akukankhira kukhazikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa 3D NAND, yomwe imayika ma transistors mumiyeso itatu mkati mwa chip.
Resistive Random Access Memory (Ram). Tekinoloje iyi imagwiritsa ntchito kukana m'malo mwa chiphaso chamagetsi kuti isunge zokumbukira (0s ndi 1s).
Zithunzi za 3D chips. Izi zidzakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane mumutu wotsatira, koma mwachidule, Zithunzi za 3D chips cholinga chake chophatikiza makompyuta ndi kusungidwa kwa data m'magulu okhazikika, potero kumathandizira kuthamanga kwachangu ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Phase Change Memory (PCM). The tech kumbuyo kwa PCMs kwenikweni amatenthetsa ndi kuziziritsa galasi chalcogenide, kusuntha izo pakati crystallized ku mayiko sanali crystallized, aliyense ndi kukana kwake wapadera magetsi kuimira binary 0 ndi 1. Akamaliza wangwiro, chatekinoloje ichi adzakhala yaitali kwambiri kuposa masiku ano mitundu ya RAM ndipo si kusinthasintha, kutanthauza. imatha kusunga data ngakhale mphamvu yazimitsa (mosiyana ndi RAM yachikhalidwe).
Spin-Transfer Torque Random-Access Memory (Chithunzi cha STT-RAM). Frankenstein yamphamvu yomwe imaphatikiza mphamvu ya DRAM ndi liwiro la SRAM, pamodzi ndi kusinthika kosasunthika komanso kupirira mopanda malire.
3D XPoint. Ndi ukadaulo uwu, m'malo modalira ma transistors kuti asunge zambiri, Zithunzi za 3D Xpoint amagwiritsa ntchito mawaya ang'onoang'ono, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi "chosankha" chomwe chimayikidwa pamwamba pa chinzake. Zikapangidwa kukhala zangwiro, izi zitha kusintha makampaniwo popeza 3D Xpoint ndiyosasunthika, idzagwira ntchito masauzande ambiri mwachangu kuposa kung'anima kwa NAND, komanso kukhuthala ka 10 kuposa DRAM.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kumbukirani pamene tinanena kuti "ma HDD ndi ma SSD angafanane ndi kukumbukira kwanu kwa nthawi yaitali, pamene flash ikufanana kwambiri ndi kukumbukira kwanu kwakanthawi kochepa"? Chabwino, 3D Xpoint idzagwira zonse ziwiri ndikuchita bwino kuposa kaya padera.

Mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi njira iti yomwe ipambana, mitundu yonse yatsopano ya flash memory idzapereka mphamvu zambiri zokumbukira, liwiro, kupirira komanso mphamvu.

Zatsopano zosungirako nthawi yayitali. Pakadali pano, pazochitika zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito liwiro lomwe limakhala locheperako poyerekeza ndi kusungidwa kwazinthu zambiri, matekinoloje atsopano ndi ongoyerekeza akugwira ntchito pano:

Ma tepi amayendetsa. Zopangidwa zaka 60 zapitazo, tidagwiritsa ntchito matepi posungira zikalata zamisonkho ndi zaumoyo. Masiku ano, ukadaulo uwu ukukonzedwa bwino pafupi ndi nsonga zake zongoyerekeza IBM ikukhazikitsa mbiri posunga ma 330 terabytes a data yosakanizidwa (~ mabuku 330 miliyoni) mu katiriji ya tepi yozungulira kukula kwa dzanja lanu.
DNA yosungirako. Ofufuza ochokera ku University of Washington ndi Microsoft Research adapanga dongosolo kubisa, kusunga ndi kupeza deta ya digito pogwiritsa ntchito mamolekyu a DNA. Makinawa akapangidwa kukhala angwiro, tsiku lina akhoza kusunga zidziwitso nthawi mamiliyoni ambiri kuposa matekinoloje apano osungira deta.
Kilobyte rewritable atomic memory. Pogwiritsa ntchito maatomu a chlorine pa pepala lathyathyathya lamkuwa, asayansi analemba uthenga wa 1 kilobyte pa 500 terabits pa sikweya inchi—pafupifupi zambiri zochulukirachulukira nthawi 100 pa sikweya inchi kuposa hard drive yomwe imagwira bwino ntchito pamsika.
5D yosungirako deta. Dongosolo losungiramo lapaderali, lotsogozedwa ndi University of Southampton, limakhala ndi mphamvu ya data ya 360 TB / disc, kukhazikika kwamafuta mpaka 1,000 ° C komanso moyo wopanda malire kutentha (zaka 13.8 biliyoni pa 190 ° C). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kusungirako deta ya 5D kungakhale koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi malo osungiramo mabuku.

Mapulogalamu-Defined Storage Infrastructure (SDS). Sizinthu zosungirako zokha zomwe zikuwona zatsopano, koma mapulogalamu omwe amayendetsa nawonso akupita patsogolo. SDS amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakompyuta akuluakulu amakampani kapena mautumiki osungira mitambo komwe deta imasungidwa pakati ndikufikiridwa kudzera pazida zolumikizidwa. Zimatengera kuchuluka kwa kusungirako deta mumaneti ndikuzilekanitsa pakati pa mautumiki osiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo zomwe zimayenda pa intaneti. Machitidwe abwino a SDS amalembedwa nthawi zonse kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino zinthu zomwe zilipo kale (m'malo mwa zatsopano).

Kodi tidzafunikanso kusungirako mtsogolo?

Chabwino, kotero luso losungira likupita patsogolo kwambiri pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi. Koma chomwe tiyenera kuganizira ndi chakuti, kodi izi zimapanga kusiyana kotani?

Munthu wamba sangagwiritse ntchito terabyte ya malo osungira omwe akupezeka mumitundu yaposachedwa yamakompyuta apakompyuta. Ndipo m'zaka zina ziwiri kapena zinayi, foni yamakono yanu yotsatira idzakhala ndi malo okwanira osungiramo zithunzi ndi makanema okwana chaka popanda kuyeretsa chipangizo chanu. Zowonadi, pali anthu ochepa kunja uko omwe amakonda kusonkhanitsa deta yochuluka pamakompyuta awo, koma kwa tonsefe, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimachepetsa kufunikira kwathu kosungirako ma disk ambiri mwachinsinsi.

Ntchito zosanja. Kalekale, nyimbo zathu zinaphatikizapo kutolera marekodi, kenaka makaseti, kenaka ma CD. M'zaka za m'ma 90, nyimbo zidasinthidwa kukhala ma MP3 kuti asungidwe ndi zikwizikwi (poyamba kudutsa mitsinje, kenako mochulukira kudzera m'masitolo a digito monga iTunes). Tsopano, m'malo mosunga ndi kukonza zosonkhanitsira nyimbo pakompyuta yanu yakunyumba kapena foni, titha kutsitsa nyimbo zosawerengeka ndikuzimvera kulikonse kudzera mu mautumiki monga Spotify ndi Apple Music.

Kupititsa patsogolo uku kudachepetsa koyamba nyimbo zamlengalenga zomwe zidatengedwa kunyumba, kenako malo a digito pakompyuta yanu. Tsopano zonse zitha kusinthidwa ndi ntchito yakunja yomwe imakupatsirani zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta, kulikonse / nthawi iliyonse kupeza nyimbo zonse zomwe mungafune. Inde, ambiri a inu mukuwerenga izi mwina akadali ndi ma CD ochepa omwe ali mozungulira, ambiri adzakhalabe ndi ma MP3 olimba pamakompyuta awo, koma m'badwo wotsatira wa ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta sadzataya nthawi yawo ndikudzaza makompyuta awo ndi nyimbo zomwe angathe. kupeza kwaulere pa intaneti.

Mwachiwonekere, tengerani zonse zomwe ndangonena za nyimbo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito pafilimu ndi televizioni (hello, Netflix!)

chikhalidwe TV. Ndi nyimbo, mafilimu, ndi mapulogalamu a pa TV omwe akutseka pang'onopang'ono makompyuta athu, mtundu wotsatira waukulu kwambiri wazinthu zamakono ndi zithunzi ndi makanema. Apanso, tinkakonda kupanga zithunzi ndi makanema mwakuthupi, kenako kusonkhanitsa fumbi m'chipinda chathu. Kenako zithunzi ndi makanema athu zidapita pa digito, ndikungotenganso fumbi kumunsi kwa makompyuta athu. Ndipo ndiye nkhani yake: Sitimayang'ana kawirikawiri zithunzi ndi makanema ambiri omwe timajambula.

Koma pambuyo pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, malo monga Flickr ndi Facebook adatipatsa mwayi wogawana zithunzi zosawerengeka ndi gulu la anthu omwe timawakonda, komanso kusunga zithunzizo (kwaulere) mufoda yodzikonzekera yokha kapena nthawi. Ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe ichi, kuphatikizapo makamera ang'onoang'ono, okwera mafoni, adachulukitsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha zithunzi ndi makanema opangidwa ndi munthu wamba, zinachepetsanso chizolowezi chathu chosunga zithunzi pamakompyuta athu, kutilimbikitsa kuti tizisunga pa intaneti, mwachinsinsi. kapena poyera.

Cloud ndi ntchito zothandizirana. Poganizira mfundo ziwiri zomaliza, zolemba zocheperako zokha (ndi mitundu ina ya data ya niche) ndizotsalira. Madotolo awa, poyerekeza ndi ma multimedia omwe tangokambirana kumene, nthawi zambiri amakhala aang'ono kwambiri kotero kuti kuwasunga pa kompyuta yanu sikudzakhala vuto.

Komabe, m'dziko lathu lomwe likuchulukirachulukira mafoni, pali kufunikira kokulirapo kwa ma docs popita. Ndipo apanso, kupita patsogolo komweko komwe tidakambirana ndi nyimbo kukuchitika pano - pomwe tidatengera koyamba zolemba pogwiritsa ntchito ma floppy disks, ma CD, ndi ma USB, tsopano timagwiritsa ntchito zosavuta komanso zokonda ogula. yosungirako mtambo mautumiki, monga Google Drive ndi Dropbox, omwe amasunga zolemba zathu kumalo osungiramo data akunja kuti tipeze intaneti motetezeka. Ntchito ngati izi zimatipatsa mwayi wofikira ndikugawana zolemba zathu kulikonse, nthawi iliyonse, pachida chilichonse kapena makina ogwiritsira ntchito.

Kunena chilungamo, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zotsatsira, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi ntchito zamtambo sizitanthauza kuti tidzasuntha chilichonse kumtambo - zinthu zina zomwe timakonda kukhala zachinsinsi komanso zotetezeka - koma ntchitozi zadula, ndipo zipitilirabe, chiwerengero chonse cha malo osungira deta omwe tiyenera kukhala nawo chaka ndi chaka.

Chifukwa chiyani kusungirako kuli kofunika kwambiri

Ngakhale kuti munthu wamba angaone kufunikira kocheperako kosungirako digito, pali mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zikuyendetsa Kryder's Law patsogolo.

Choyamba, chifukwa cha mndandanda wapafupifupi wapachaka wophwanya chitetezo m'makampani osiyanasiyana aukadaulo ndi azachuma-iliyonse ikuyika pachiwopsezo zidziwitso zamamiliyoni a anthu - nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chinsinsi zikukula moyenerera pakati pa anthu. Kutengera zosowa zapayekha, izi zitha kuyambitsa kufunikira kwa anthu pazosankha zazikulu komanso zotsika mtengo zosungirako kuti mugwiritse ntchito nokha kuti mupewe kutengera mtambo. Anthu am'tsogolo athanso kukhazikitsa ma seva osungira deta mkati mwanyumba zawo kuti alumikizane ndi kunja m'malo motengera ma seva amakampani akuluakulu aukadaulo.

Kuganiziranso kwina ndikuti malire osunga deta akutsekereza kupita patsogolo m'magawo angapo kuchokera kuukadaulo waukadaulo kupita ku nzeru zopanga. Magawo omwe amadalira kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zidziwitso zazikulu ayenera kusunga kuchuluka kwa data kuti apange zatsopano ndi ntchito.

Kenako, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2020, intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT), magalimoto odziyimira pawokha, maloboti, zenizeni zenizeni, ndi zina zotere zamtundu wa 'edge technologies' zidzalimbikitsa ndalama muukadaulo wosungira. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kuti matekinolojewa agwire ntchito, adzafunika kukhala ndi mphamvu zamakompyuta ndi kusungirako kuti amvetsetse malo omwe amakhalapo ndikuchitapo kanthu mu nthawi yeniyeni popanda kudalira nthawi zonse pamtambo. Timaphunziranso mfundo imeneyi mutu wachisanu za mndandanda uno.

Pomaliza, a Internet Zinthu (kufotokozedwa m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo la intaneti series) zipangitsa kuti masensa mabiliyoni mpaka mabiliyoni azitsata kayendedwe ka zinthu mabiliyoni mpaka mabiliyoni. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe masensa osawerengekawa azitulutsa zidzafuna mphamvu zosungirako bwino zisanathe kukonzedwa bwino ndi ma supercomputer omwe tikhala nawo kumapeto kwa mndandandawu.

Zonse, pamene munthu wamba adzachepetsa kufunikira kwawo kwa eni ake, zida zosungiramo digito, aliyense padziko lapansi adzapindulabe mosadukiza ndi kusungirako kosawerengeka komwe kungaperekedwe ndiukadaulo wamtsogolo. Zachidziwikire, monga tanenera kale, tsogolo la zosungirako lili mumtambo, koma tisanalowe m'mphuno mozama pamutuwu, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsetsa zakusintha kosangalatsa komwe kumachitika kumbali ya kukonza (microchip) ya bizinesi yamakompyuta - mutu wa mutu wotsatira.