Zotsitsimutsa motsutsana ndi makadi amphamvu a thorium ndi fusion: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P5

 Monga momwe dzuwa silipangira mphamvu 24/7, sizigwira ntchito bwino m'malo ena padziko lapansi poyerekeza ndi ena. Ndikhulupirireni, kuchokera ku Canada, pali miyezi ina yomwe simukuwona dzuwa. Zikuoneka kuti ndizoipa kwambiri m'mayiko a Nordic ndi Russia-mwinamwake zimafotokozeranso kuchuluka kwa heavy metal ndi vodka zomwe zimakondwera kumeneko.

Koma monga tafotokozera mu gawo lapitalo Pamndandanda uwu wa Tsogolo la Mphamvu, mphamvu yadzuwa simasewera okhawo omwe angangowonjezeke mtawuniyi. Ndipotu, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira mphamvu zowonjezera zomwe teknoloji ikukula mofulumira monga dzuwa, ndipo zomwe ndalama zake ndi kutulutsa magetsi (nthawi zina) zimagunda dzuwa.

Kumbali yakutsogolo, tikambirananso zomwe ndimakonda kuzitcha "wildcard renewables." Awa ndi magwero amphamvu atsopano komanso amphamvu kwambiri omwe amatulutsa mpweya wopanda mpweya, koma zomwe ndalama zake zachiwiri pa chilengedwe ndi anthu sizinawerengedwebe (ndipo zitha kukhala zovulaza).

Pazonse, mfundo yomwe tikambirane apa ndikuti ngakhale sola idzakhala gwero lalikulu lamphamvu pofika zaka zapakati, tsogolo lidzapangidwanso ndi malo ogulitsa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi zikwangwani. Ndiye tiyeni tiyambe ndi zongowonjezwdwa izo NIMBYs padziko lonse lapansi kudana ndi chilakolako.

Mphamvu ya mphepo, zomwe Don Quixote sankadziwa

Pamene akatswiri amalankhula za mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, zambiri zimatuluka m'mafamu amphepo pafupi ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa chake? Chabwino, pakati pa zongowonjezwdwa pamsika, makina akuluakulu oyendera mphepo ndi omwe amawonekera kwambiri - amatuluka ngati zala zazikulu m'minda ya alimi ndi mawonedwe akutali (osakhala akutali) m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi.

Koma pamene a chigawo cha mawu amadana nawo, m'madera ena a dziko lapansi, akusintha kusintha kwa mphamvu. Zili choncho chifukwa ngakhale kuti mayiko ena ali ndi dzuwa, ena ali ndi mphepo komanso mvula yambiri. Zomwe poyamba zinali kuwononga maambulera, kutseka mazenera, komanso kuwononga tsitsi yalimidwa (makamaka zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi) kukhala nyumba yopangira mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu.

Tengani maiko a Nordic, mwachitsanzo. Mphamvu zamphepo zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira kwambiri ku Finland ndi ku Denmark kotero kuti akudya malire a phindu la mafakitale awo opangira malasha. Awa ndi magetsi a malasha, mwa njira, omwe amayenera kuteteza maikowa ku mphamvu "zosadalirika" zowonjezereka. Tsopano, Denmark ndi Finland akukonzekera kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi izi, ma megawati 2,000 amphamvu zonyansa, kunja kwa dongosolo. ndi 2030.

Koma si onse anthu! Denmark yapita ku zigawenga pamphamvu yamphepo kotero kuti ikukonzekera kuthetseratu malasha pofika 2030 ndikusintha chuma chawo chonse kukhala mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa (makamaka kuchokera ku mphepo) ndi 2050. Pakadali pano, mapangidwe atsopano a windmill (mwachitsanzo. chimodzi, awiri) akutuluka nthawi zonse zomwe zingasinthe malonda ndi kupanga mphamvu zamphepo kukhala zokopa kumayiko olemera ndi dzuwa monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mphepo.

Kulima mafunde

Zogwirizana ndi ma windmills, koma okwiriridwa pansi pa nyanja, ndi njira yachitatu yowonjezereka ya mphamvu zowonjezera: mafunde. Makina opangira mafunde amafanana ndi mphero zoyendera mphepo, koma m’malo mosonkhanitsa mphamvu kuchokera ku mphepo, amatolera mphamvu zawo m’mafunde a m’nyanja.

Mafamu a mafunde samakonda kwambiri, komanso sakopa ndalama zambiri, monga dzuwa ndi mphepo. Pachifukwa ichi, mafunde sadzakhala wosewera wamkulu pakusakanikirana kongowonjezedwanso kunja kwa mayiko angapo, monga UK. Ndizochititsa manyazi chifukwa, malinga ndi bungwe la UK Marine Foresight Panel, tikadangogwira 0.1 peresenti ya mphamvu zapadziko lapansi, zikanakhala zokwanira kulamulira dziko lapansi.

Mphamvu zamafunde zilinso ndi zabwino zina kuposa dzuwa ndi mphepo. Mwachitsanzo, mosiyana ndi dzuwa ndi mphepo, mafunde amayenda 24/7. Mafunde ali pafupi-nthawi zonse, kotero mumadziwa nthawi zonse kuti mupanga mphamvu zochuluka bwanji tsiku lililonse-zabwino kuneneratu ndi kukonzekera. Ndipo chofunikira kwambiri kwa ma NIMBY kunja uko, popeza mafamu amadzi amakhala pansi panyanja, sakuwoneka bwino, osaganizira.

Zowonjezeredwa kusukulu zakale: hydro ndi geothermal

Mutha kuganiza kuti ndizosamvetseka kuti pokamba za zongowonjezera, sitipereka nthawi yochulukirapo kumitundu yakale kwambiri komanso yovomerezeka kwambiri: hydro ndi geothermal. Pali chifukwa chabwino chochitira zimenezi: Kusintha kwa nyengo posachedwapa kuwononga mphamvu ya hydro, pamene kutentha kwa dziko lapansi sikudzakula kwambiri poyerekezera ndi dzuwa ndi mphepo. Koma tiyeni tifufuze mozama.

Madamu ambiri opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi amadyetsedwa ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi nyanja zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi madzi oundana omwe amasungunuka pakanyengo ndi nyengo kuchokera m’mapiri apafupi, ndipo, pang’ono ndi pang’ono, madzi apansi otuluka m’madera amvula okwera pamwamba pa nyanja. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, kusintha kwa nyengo kukuyembekezeka kuchepetsa (kusungunuka kapena kuuma) kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amachokera ku magwero a madzi onsewa.

Chitsanzo cha zimenezi tingachione ku Brazil, dziko limene lili ndi mphamvu zobiriwira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo limapanga mphamvu yoposa 75 peresenti ya mphamvu zake kuchokera ku mphamvu zoyendera madzi. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchepa kwa mvula ndi chilala chowonjezeka zinayambitsa kusokonezeka kwamagetsi pafupipafupi (mabulauni ndi kuzimiririka) m'zaka zambiri. Kuwonongeka kwamphamvu kotereku kudzakhala kofala kwambiri pakapita zaka khumi, kukakamiza mayiko omwe amadalira hydro kuyika ndalama zawo zongowonjezedwanso kwina.

Panthawiyi, lingaliro la geothermal ndilofunika mokwanira: pansi pa kuya kwina, Dziko lapansi limakhala lotentha nthawi zonse; Boolani dzenje lakuya, ponyani mapaipi, kuthiramo madzi, sonkhanitsani nthunzi yotentha yomwe ikukwera, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito nthunziyo kuyatsa turbine ndikupanga mphamvu.

M’maiko ena monga Iceland, kumene “adalitsidwa” ndi mapiri ambiri ophulika, geothermal ndi jenereta wamkulu wa mphamvu yaulere ndi yobiriwira—imapanga pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya mphamvu za Iceland. Ndipo m'madera osankhidwa a dziko lapansi omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana a tectonic, ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira mphamvu. Koma kwina kulikonse, zomera za geothermal zimakhala zokwera mtengo kumanga ndipo chifukwa cha mtengo wa dzuwa ndi mphepo chaka chilichonse, kutentha kwa kutentha sikungathe. athe kupikisana nawo m'maiko ambiri.

The wildcard renewable

Otsutsa zowonjezedwanso nthawi zambiri amanena kuti chifukwa cha kusadalirika kwawo, tifunika kuyika ndalama muzinthu zazikulu, zokhazikitsidwa, ndi zonyansa-monga malasha, mafuta, ndi gasi wachilengedwe wonyezimira-kuti tipereke mphamvu zowonjezereka kuti tikwaniritse zosowa zathu. Magwero amphamvu awa amatchedwa "baseload" chifukwa akhala akugwira ntchito ngati msana wamagetsi athu. Koma m'madera ena adziko lapansi, makamaka mayiko monga France, zida za nyukiliya zakhala gwero lamphamvu lachisankho.

Zida za nyukiliya zakhala gawo la kusakanikirana kwamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira kumapeto kwa WWII. Ngakhale kuti imapanga mphamvu yochuluka ya zero-carbon mphamvu, zotsatira zake zokhudzana ndi zinyalala zapoizoni, ngozi za nyukiliya, ndi kuchuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya zapangitsa kuti ndalama zamakono za nyukiliya zikhale zosatheka.

Izi zati, nyukiliya si masewera okhawo mtawuniyi. Pali mitundu iwiri yatsopano ya magwero amagetsi osasinthika oyenera kukambirana: Thorium ndi Fusion energy. Ganizirani izi ngati mphamvu zanyukiliya za m'badwo wotsatira, koma zoyera, zotetezeka, komanso zamphamvu kwambiri.

Thorium ndi fusion kuzungulira ngodya?

Ma reactors a thorium amathamanga pa thorium nitrate, gwero lomwe lili mochulukira kanayi kuposa uranium. Amapanganso mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa ma reactors oyendetsedwa ndi uranium, amatulutsa zinyalala zochepa, sangatembenuzidwe kukhala bomba lankhondo, ndipo sangatsimikizire kusungunuka. (Onani kufotokozera kwa mphindi zisanu za ma rector a Thorium Pano.)

Pakadali pano, ma fusion reactors amayenda pamadzi am'nyanja-kapena kunena ndendende, kuphatikiza kwa hydrogen isotopes tritium ndi deuterium. Kumene zida za nyukiliya zimapanga magetsi pogawikana maatomu, ma fusion reactors amatenga tsamba kuchokera m'buku lathu lamasewera ladzuwa ndikuyesa kuphatikiza maatomu pamodzi. (Onani kufotokozera kwa mphindi zisanu ndi zitatu za ma fusion reactor Pano.)

Matekinoloje onse opangira mphamvuwa adabwera pamsika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2040 - mochedwa kwambiri kuti asinthe misika yamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, osasiyapo nkhondo yathu yolimbana ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Mwamwayi, sizingakhale choncho kwa nthawi yayitali.

Ukadaulo wozungulira ma reactors a thorium makamaka ulipo kale ndipo ukugwira ntchito mwachangu kutsatiridwa ndi China. M'malo mwake, adalengeza za mapulani awo omanga makina ochita bwino a Thorium mkati mwa zaka 10 zikubwerazi (pakati pa 2020s). Pakadali pano, mphamvu yophatikizira yakhala ikulipidwa mokhazikika kwazaka zambiri, koma posachedwa nkhani kuchokera ku Lockheed Martin zikuwonetsa kuti fusion reactor yatsopano ikhoza kukhalanso zaka khumi.

Ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zamagetsi izi chibwera pa intaneti mkati mwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi, zitha kutumiza zododometsa m'misika yamagetsi. Mphamvu ya thorium ndi fusion imatha kubweretsa mphamvu zambiri zoyera mu gridi yathu yamagetsi mwachangu kuposa zongowonjezwdwa chifukwa sizidzafuna kuti tiyikenso magetsi omwe alipo. Ndipo popeza izi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso zapakati, zidzakhala zokopa kwambiri kwa makampani azachikhalidwe omwe akufuna kulimbana ndi kukula kwa dzuwa.

Pamapeto pake, ndi kugwedezeka. Ngati thorium ndi fusion zimalowa m'misika yamalonda mkati mwa zaka zotsatira za 10, zikhoza kupitilira zowonjezereka monga tsogolo la mphamvu. Kupitilira apo ndi zongowonjezera zimapambana. Mulimonsemo, mphamvu zotsika mtengo komanso zochuluka zili m'tsogolo lathu.

Ndiye kodi dziko lokhala ndi mphamvu zopanda malire limawoneka bwanji? Pomaliza tiyankha funso limenelo Gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi la mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Mphamvu.

TSOGOLO LA ENERGY SERIES LINKS

Kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kwanthawi yamphamvu ya kaboni: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P1

Mafuta! Choyambitsa nthawi yongowonjezedwanso: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P2

Kukwera kwagalimoto yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P3

Mphamvu ya Dzuwa ndi kukwera kwa intaneti yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P4

Tsogolo lathu m'dziko lamphamvu: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P6